Threats to public health

Threats to public health The purpose of this essay is to critically discuss the threats to public health and analyse the contribution of social sciences in this respect. I will illustrate the answer by underlying the causation of new public health and comment on how to promote new public health. The essay will aim at the importance of understanding public health professionally, supported by research and evidence. The essay will also outline the affects of globalisation. Baum (2001) believes that definition for public health have changed and developed since the nineteenth century. On the other hand, Costello and Haggort (2003) defines that public health has multiple concept which consist on a wide range of social, political and economic perspective. Public health has been described as both new and old (Costello and Haggort, 2003). Armstrong (1988 cited in Baum, 2001) noted that public health in the nineteenth century was more viewed with physical interaction between body and environment (Baum, 2001). However, he believes that new public health is more concerned to achieve healthy individuals, societies and environment. These activities will organised by societies and government to protect public from disease and to promote healthy lifestyle. It is believed that the new public health will work to ensure practices of government and private sector to promote equity and health between different groups of people within our society. (Baum, 2001) As a new public health professional, my role will be to identify the impact of new public health threats and causation to treat and promote health in our society, The author further argues that it is important to change global economic system. He emphasised on promoting public health and environment in order to achieve the vision of new public health (Baum, 2001). Although Benson, et al, (2008) food policy report highlights that food crisis is one of the major global health issue, which needs to be analysed. They believe that high rising of food prices are one of the causes of famine in some developing countries. However, Baum (2001) argues that growth of multinational companies can also be seen as the major threat to environment and publics health in poor countries. He also underline that ill health has increased massively among the poor countries even when their national economy system has grown. For instance it has been mentioned by UNCTAD (2008) that food price index has increased 84 percent in China and India, although their economy rates were growing at record rates. Furthermore, in many developing countries the crisis has caused a long-term effect in the sector of agriculture productivity. All these factors are contributing towards food crisis. UNCTAD (2008) describes that there are three types of solution in response to sustain economical growth in developing, short-term, medium tern and long-term policy. These policies aim to reduce food prices for consumers. The short-term policy can be effective if government assist to boost production for poor smallholder farmers. The medium-term policy solution is to support farmers by giving a decent return on food production. This could motivate farmers in developing countries to boost production. Although the long term-policy solution is for developing countries to promote agricultural production by providing better knowledge and training to farmers and investing in the international market to tackle global food crisis(UNCTD, 2008) Costello and Haggort (2003) however pointed out that in past health inequalities amongst social class have had great influence on individuals health. They argued that people who experiences ill health in their childhood continues to develop problems related to their health in later life. This can mean that people from poor background will experience poor health and the affluent societies will always benefits good health throughout their life. However, Baum (2001) argued that health inequality is very common in developing country. This has been caused by expense in healthcare sector for public and poor distribution of wealth in their country. Baum (2001) stated that globalization has potential implication both negative and positive on public health. Moreover, Lee (2000) defines globalization as a natural changing process of human interaction in terms of economic, political, social, cultural and environmental. However, BMJ (2002) article highlights factors which can influence socioeconomic status, education, gender and age which could happen both positively and negatively for an individual. The article however, argues that faeachems statement about globalization is mostly good for you health is not based on reality ground. The article continues to debate the challenges of globalization. On the other hand, Lee (2000) highlighted that large numbers of death has been resulted in adults due to non-communicable diseases including cardiovascular, cancer and respiratory diseases. This is believed to have an immense effect of globalization in the United Kingdom. Other non-communicable disease has been affected by the global change in our environment and lifestyle. It is believed that television viewing is also linked with sedentary lifestyle, particularly children who have been mostly affected to an increase in globalised lifestyle. On the contrary, Lohr et al (cited in Lee, 2000) describes the positive changes of globalization such as evidence based medicine and clinical practice guidelines has spread from United Kingdom and America to Europe and other parts of the world. He believes that the knowledge of medicine practice has been shared worldwide to benefit public health. Labonte and Torgerson (2005) stated that the impact of globalization is not un-known in western countries. They stated that international organisations needs to critically recongnise the consequence of globalization in poor countries. Although, BMJ (2002) believes it is significant to provide evidence based approach to globalization and health to analayse the impact of some policies. For instance, World Trade organization needs to open propasals for all sectors of the economy such as NHS which was introduce in Britian through private finance initiative. The article further highlights priority issues which need to be debated such as health services in the United Kingdom. On the contrary, Lee (2000) stated in his article that World Health Organisation has been playing a major role to address global health challenges such as control on tobacco use and minimizing factors that cause malaria. On the other hand Labonte and Torgerson (2005) argued that the World Health Organisation has identified several serious health-related issues such as negative effects of cost recovery for healthcare service, free health programs for poor people, limited recourses for health and education. On the contrary Daar et al ( 2002 cited in Labonte and Torgerson, 2005) stated that government has paid very little attention to public health system in poor countries. Labonte and Togerson, (2005) identified that the impacts on health is a consequences of globalization, which interacts with domestic political and economic. They further argued that their concern is equity in health between nations. However, the health impact of globalization has caused immense mortality, morbidity and disability rates. According to Labonte and Togerson (2005) researchers believes that critical steps need to be taken to tackle health disease faced in poor countries. Lee (2000) suggested that policy makers and health professional needs to be involve in global public health issues. On the contrary, Baum (2001) believes that it will be hard to tackle the socio and economic aspects of health as it could bring argument with views of those, who believes in benefiting poor people in the society. He also described that public health will need to be global to be effect. The global health inequalities and inequities within countries are increasing and new diseases and environmental issues will emerge as a result of neglecting global health issues (Baum, 2001). Although Lee (2000) suggested that another possible solution to tackle global health issues is to draw attention of the public to inform them about the importance of globalization to public health, for instance through media and press. He believes that it is vital that the government provides financial support for research project on global health issues. On the other hand BMJ (2002) stated that global trade can minimize economical inequality for developing countries. Furthermore, the article suggests that world leaders such as G8 submits needs to review the issue of globalization and provide financial aid to developing countries, who have been massively suffered from globalization. The article also suggested that health professionals need to carry basic research to improve health in poor enviroments. Baum (2001) stated that new public health threats in the twenty-first century will have a great impact on economic, health and environment. Consequently, public health professionals needs to address these new threats to public, plan strategies and make policies to tackle public health issues. He further argued that new threats to environment and health will rapidly increase in numbers Armstrong (1988 cited in Baum, 2001) suggested that the new public health will also need to include participation of communities to promote health and equity. In conclusive, as a public health professional, I will need to tackle and find ways to treat new public health threats. In my viewpoint, socioeconomic factor can have a great influence on public health. Consequently, I will need to take sociological approach to treat health and illness. I will also need to promote health to inform the public of the new threats to improve health status. To reduce health inequality between socioeconomic will be priority for public health professional. REFERENCE Baum. F. (2002) The New Public Health 2nd ed. Oxford University Press Benson, T.et al (2008) Global food crises: IFPRI food policy report. [Internet] Available from: http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ib55_0.pdf. [Accessed on 7th of December 2009] Brithish Medical Journal (2002) Globalisation and Health. Vol 324, Pp: 44-52 Costello, J, and Haggort, M. (2003) Public health and society Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Labonete. R. and Torgerson, R. (2005) Interrogating globalisation, health and development: Towards a comphrensive framework for research, p;icy and political action. Cricitical public health;15(2):157-179 Lee, K. (2000) The impact of globalisation on public health: implication for the UK faculty of public health medicine; 22(3): 253-262 UNCTAD (2008) Policy briefs no;2 [Internet] Available from: http://unctad.org/en/docs/presspb20081_en.pdf [Accessed on 7th of December 2009]

Character and Conflict in “The Most Dangerous Game” Essay

Conflict and Character in â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† There’s a popular worship song called â€Å"Love Knows No End† by Hillsong. Although it may be simply sung at church, I find it relative to General Zaroff, a hunting fanatic in â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game†. His ardent passion for the thrill of hunting led him to seek a greater challenge. Since he had already perfected the art of killing all of his quarry without exception, he decided to pursue a new creature; one that could reason and provide a more perplexing chase – humans. Unfortunately, Rainsford accidentally stumbled across Shiptrap Island, the location where General Zaroff hosted his malevolent game. Undoubtedly, conflicts have brought out the true character of everyone. As in the case of Rainsford and General Zaroff, from â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game†, by Richard Connell, it was seen that the dilemmas and obstacles either contributed to creating a dynamic or static character. Without conflict, there would be no brilliance or appeal to a story. It is a vital element in literature that presents the character a challenging struggle from an opposing force, whether it be nature, an antagonist, or the character himself. Such as, â€Å"‘Rainsford,’ called the general, ‘if you are within sound of my voice, as I suppose you are, let me congratulate you. Not many men know how to make a Malay mancatcher’† (Connell 13). This demonstrates a competition for General Zaroff, granted that he was a hunting prodigy. Very rarely, has someone been close to winning the game, Rainsford being one of them. General Zaroff recognized that possibility and perhaps have had glimpses of fear and uncertainty. On the other hand, â€Å"Rainsford knew he could do one of two things. He could stay where he was and wait. That was suicide. He could flee. That was postponing the inevitable† (Connell 14). This was the climatic struggle for Rainsford from the story because of his hopelessness. He could not dismiss the fact that at one point, he would die from the hounds. Rainsford perceived this tragic circumstance since his mind was weak from the mental battles, along with the physical hardships he faced throughout the whole game. Therefore, the conflicts from this story resulted in either a transforming or stagnant character. For instance, General Zaroff’s character development proved to be static, in  other words, not changing throughout the story. To illustrate this, â€Å"He could see the great hounds, and he called, ‘Better luck another time,’ to them† (Connell 15). Considering this quote, it was apparent that he would continue his monstrous game in the future. Even with General Zaroff’s predicament of possibly losing the game and his murdering secrets being revealed, he did not relinquish his passion for bloodshed. Another case is, â€Å"Two slight annoyances kept him from perfect enjoyment. One was the thought that it would be difficult to replace Ivan† (Connell 15). Rainsford constructed an ingenuous trap that killed Ivan and a few of the hounds. As a consequence, General Zaroff lost his loyal accomplice. Accordingly, he would be on the search for a new â€Å"Ivan†, confirming that he still needed a partner to help him with his games. Thus, General Zaroff remained the same character that he always was, a ruthless hunter, despite his struggles. In contrast, the dynamic character in the story was Rainsford, due to his change in his approach of sympathizing with his prey. For instance, â€Å"‘Who cares how a jaguar feels?’† (Connell 1). This was his remark to his associate, Whitney, who pitied the jaguar, along with the rest of the victims in every hunt. Rainsford shrugged off the idea of empathy, stating that he was a hunter, and not a huntee. Eventually, â€Å"At daybreak Rainsford, lying near the swamp, was awakened by a sound that made him know that he had new things to learn about fear† (Connell 14). Throughout the arduous days in the game, Rainsford finally understood the world of a huntee. The experience firsthand led him to a form of sympathy or at least respect for his prey. Although the author was not clear about Rainsford maintaining his hunting lifestyle after this encounter, it can be concluded that he portrayed a dynamic character through his conflicts in the jungle. General Zaroff’s love for hunting truly had no limits, which brought forth the slaughter of countless men, in addition to his own death. In many ways, love knows no end, as portrayed in the title of the praise song by Hillsong. However, Rainsford’s aspiration for hunting was altered by the challenging experience of living as a prey, therefore illustrating a dynamic character, as opposed to General Zaroff, who remained the static character undeterred by his conflicts.

Working Capital

WORKING CAPITALQ1. Which of the following is the primary most objective of working capital? (MCQ)The difference between current assets & current liabilitiesA balance of having liquid assets to ensure the operation is unaffectedManagement of individual working capital componentsWorking capital analysis using ratios(2 marks) Q2. Calculate the Current Ratio & Quick Ratio using the below information. (MCQ)$000Inventory 200Receivables 670Payables 235Bank loan 85Current Ratio 0.37, Quick Ratio 0.27Current Ratio 0.58, Quick Ratio 0.31Current Ratio 1.76, Quick Ratio 1.54Current Ratio 2.71, Quick Ratio 2.09(2 marks) Q3. Pick Co. sold 20% of its inventory on credit for 10% profit. What will be the effect on the quick ratio & current ratio after the inventory sale, if all else is equal? (MCQ)Current Ratio (Increase), Quick Ratio (Increase)Current Ratio (Increase), Quick Ratio (No change)Current Ratio (No change), Quick Ratio (Increase)Current Ratio (Increase), Quick Ratio (Decrease)(2 marks) Q4. Inkle Co has receivables turnover of 8 times, a payables turnover of 4.5 times and an inventory turnover of 2.25 times. Calculate cash operating cycle assuming 365 days in a year? (MCQ)46 Days81 Days127 Days162 Days(2 marks) Q5. Which of the following TWO statements are correct in relation to working capital policies for a manufacturing company and a food retailer? (MRQ)A manufacturing company will need to invest in raw material and result in large amounts to be owed to its customersA food retailer will have a large inventory of large receivables balanceA manufacturing company needs no accounts receivable policyA food retailer will need to consider inventory management policy (2 marks) Q6. Mafia Co is a manufacturing company and has the following periods. Periods DaysReceivables collection 70Raw material turnover 42Work in progress turnover 14Finished goods turnover 42Payables payment 495334032258000What is the time it takes to complete a working cycle? (FIB) Days(2 marks) Q7. Which of the following best describes the working capital turnover? (MCQ)It measures a company's ability to replace its working capitalIt measures the working capital support to the revenuesIt measures the liquidity position of the companyIt measures the profitability position of the company (2 marks) Q8. Yolo Co. has the following inventories:Raw material $600Work in progress $550Finished goods $700Yolo Co has annual purchases of $5,000 with the cost of sales being $2,000. What are the average inventory days for Yolo Co (366 days in a year)? (FIB)23495-317500Days(2 marks) Q9. A company sells toy machine guns in the USA; it yearly sells 15,000 guns at $60/each. It has to receive $56,000 from its customers. In how many days will the company receive all its payments? (MCQ)10 Days23 Days63 Days98 Days(2 marks) Q10. A delay in payment to the suppliers may result which of the following? (MRQ)Future contracts with the suppliers may be disruptedA discount on late payment will be missedGoodwill in the market will be increasedAn increase in the price of products as a compensation (2 marks) Q11. Which of the following is not a typical symptom of overtrading? (MCQ)A significant increase in revenue A bank overdraft reaching its limit A fall in the quick ratio and the current ratio A fall in trade payables days(2 marks) Q12. A company has very high levels of inventory and high cash balances. This is an indication of? (MCQ)Over-tradingHigh cash operating cycle Over-capitalizationLow working capital cycle (2 marks) Q13. Select whether the following statements are true or false. (HA)An increase in sales revenue should likely to increase the level of working capital invested TRUE FALSEA profitability decrease is an indication that the trade cycle has been increased TRUE FALSEUnder-capitalization is the rapid increase in sales as compared to the invested finance TRUE FALSE(2 marks) Q14. Match the following ratios in comparison to identify the over-trading problems. (P;D)A significant increase in sales Customers are paying late than their credit period Current liabilities are in excess of Current assets WORKING CAPITAL GROWTH % QUICK RATIO % INCREASE IN RECEIVABLES(2 marks) Q15. Unto Co is an online sales company which has established its business in the past two years. The CFO has indicated that the company has expanded its business and gained a good market share in these two years but to able to continue further they will need to manage its working capital effectively. Which of the following actions might help overcome Unto Co problems? (MRQ)The shareholders will be asked to inject finance into Unto CoInventory levels should be increased by Unto CoSales of Unto Co should be withheld for some timeRetained profits should be invested back in Unto (2 marks) Q16. An investment policy is the amount of working capital investment needed for a particular company. Which of the following statement related to a conservative policy? (MCQ)Company keeping a low level of inventory will lead an earlier cash operating cycleA lengthy cash operating cycle may lead to high finance costInventory levels ; receivables should be kept at an optimum levelA short cash operating cycle may lead to risky business(2 marks) Q17. Kelp Co has kept its inventory levels at the minimum level from the start of the business. The business was acquired by a competitor and they continued its operation as per their previous owners. In the last three months, the company is unable to meet the supply demands due to a shortage of inventory. The new owner of Kelp Co is unable to recognize the working capital policy. Select the appropriate working capital policy? (MCQ) Conservative investment policyAggressive financing policyAggressive investment policyConservative financing policy(2 marks) Q18. Select the appropriate option. (HA) The efficient management of inventory ; receivables relates to a moderate investment policy TRUE FALSEIf customers pay late to a company this will increase the cash cycle TRUE FALSE(2 marks) Q19. A company needs finance to invest in their assets. Select the appropriate asset in relation to working capital financing policy. (P;D)Assets are bought in their respective seasons Assets continue for more than a year Assets present with the company at any given time of the year NON-CURRENT ASSETS PERMANENT CURRENT ASSETS FLUCTUATING CURRENT ASSETS(2 marks) Q20. Which statement best reflects a conservative working capital finance policy? (MCQ)More short-term finance is used because it's riskyMore long-term finance is used because it improves liquidityMore short-term finance is used to purchase inventoryMore long-term finance is used to pay-off payables(2 marks) Q21. Select the following similarities in an Investment & financing working capital policy. (MRQ)The risk of stock out in the policyThe names used in each policyThe use of assets in the policyThe level of inventory in the policy(2 marks) Q22. Which of the following factors could have an influence in working capital? (MRQ)Company credit policies The future growth prospectThe balance of liquidity & profitabilityThe nature of the companyPayable credit policies of suppliers(2 marks) Q23. Which of the following is a benefit in having a decentralized treasury department in a company? (MCQ) The duplication of workThe benefit of bulk discountingThe low-interest rates applied by the bankThe development of skills of managers (2 marks)WORKING CAPITAL (ANSWERS)Q1. BThe difference between current assets & current liabilities (Definition)A balance of having liquid assets to ensure the operation is unaffected (Objective)Management of individual working capital components (One of the aspects of WC)Working capital analysis using ratios (One of the aspects of WC) Q2. DCurrent Ratio = [200+670] à · [235+85] = 2.71Quick Ratio = [670] à · [235+85] = 2.09 Q3. AThe Quick ratio = IncreaseThe inventory sold on credit, all else being equal receivables (current assets) will increase, so the quick ratio will increase.The Current ratio = IncreaseCurrent assets include Inventory & Receivables. The inventory sold for profit, the receivables increase will be more than the decrease in inventory, the net effect will be the increase in current assets, hence ratio increased. Q4. CReceivable days= (365 à · 8) = 46 daysInventory days = (365 à · 2.25) = 162 daysPayable days = (365 à · 4.5) = 81 daysCash operating cycle = (46 + 162) – 81 = 127 days Q5.A manufacturing company will need to invest in raw material and result large amounts to be owed to its customers (Correct)A food retailer will have large inventory with small receivables balanceA manufacturing company needs careful consideration of accounts receivable policyA food retailer will need to consider inventory management policy (Correct)Q6. 119 daysWorking Capital Cycle= (70+42+14+42) – 49 = 119 Q7. BQ8. 91 daysRaw material days = (600 à · 5,000) Ãâ€" 366 = 44 daysWork in progress days = (550 à · 2,000) Ãâ€" 366 = 101 daysFinished goods days = (700 à · 2,000) Ãâ€" 366 = 128 daysAverage days = (44 + 101 + 128) à · 3 = 91 days Q9. BSales = 15,000 Ãâ€" 60 = 900,000 Receivable days = (56,000 à · 900,000) Ãâ€" 365 = 23 days Q10. Future contracts with the suppliers may be disrupted (Correct)A discount on early payment will be missedGoodwill in the market will be decreasedAn increase in the price of products as a compensation (Correct) Q11. DOvertrading is business trying to do too much too quickly with too little long-term capital. The payment period to accounts payable is likely to lengthen (not shorten). Q12. COver-capitalization represents an excessive investment by a business in its current assets. In the case inventory & cash balance both relate to current assets of a business. Q13. An increase in sales revenue should likely to increase the level of working capital invested TRUE A profitability decrease is an indication that the trade cycle has been increased TRUE Under-capitalization is the rapid increase in sales as compared to the invested finance TRUE Q14. A significant increase in sales Working capital growth %Customers are paying late than their credit period % Increase in ReceivablesCurrent liabilities are in excess of Current assets Quick Ratio Q15. The shareholders will be asked to inject finance into Unto Co (Correct)Inventory levels should be managed efficiently by Unto Co Sales of Unto Co should be lowered not withheld completely for some timeRetained profits should be invested back in Unto (Correct) Q16. BIn a conservative policy, the inventory levels & receivables are kept high resulting longer cash operating cycles leading to a need for finance via overdraft facilities. Overdraft results finance cost. Q17. CThe company kept its inventory levels at the minimum having a high risk of stockouts which indicates the Aggressive investment policy was used by Kelp Co.'s previous owners. Q18.The efficient management of inventory ; receivables relates to a moderate investment policy TRUE If customers pay late to a company this will increase the cash cycle TRUE Q19.Assets are bought in their respective seasons FLUCTUATING CURRENT ASSETSAssets continue for more than a year NON-CURRENT ASSETSAssets present with the company at any given time of the year PERMANENT CURRENT ASSETS Q20. BThe conservative policy finances most fluctuating assets with long-term finance and finances all permanent assets with long-term finance. Resulting low risk eventually improving liquidity but decreasing profitability. Q21. The names used in each policy are same only. Q22. All given above are the factors which can influence the working capital Q23. D

The World s First Steam Engine - 1526 Words

Imagine you’re back in time where the measure of creativity is at its highest, and the Steampunk era has just began. You are near a railroad that s running one of the world s first steam engines. Thomas Newcomen, the creator of the first practical steam engine, made a difference in his community and even the world by introducing this new technology that we still use today. Team 2016 is a leader in our community. Our commitment is to make a difference in not only our school, community, but the world much like Thomas Newcomen and his steam engine. Our team has been involved in the FIRST community for eleven years and counting. After winning the 2007 Rookie All Star award at the New Jersey Regional as Ewing High School (EHS), we were†¦show more content†¦We have students of all different sizes, sexes, and ethnicities. Of all of these different facets, we have found that the most challenging is the communication between the hearing and Deaf students on the team. We researched this with an interview with Cooper Norris from the Rochester School for the Deaf (RSD). Cooper was a drive team member from FRC Team 3162, the all Deaf team from RSD. After one year of competition the team folded. Cooper revealed that there was not enough student interested from the 135 students enrolled at RSD. Cooper noted that the communication between the mentors and the students was difficult because there were only two interpreters for the entire team. He went on to say that the interpreters did not have engineering or technical expertise so this was another factor that made it difficult in the communication process. The interview also revealed that there were communication issues at the Finger Lakes Regional at RIT. There were plenty of interpreters for the Deaf students to utilize and the RSD students went in groups around the pits but heShow MoreRelatedSteam Engines Of The Industrial Revolution1442 Words   |  6 PagesIt is common knowledge that the world as we know it today, was forged in the factories during the era of the industrial revolution. The factories during this era, themselves, were powered by steam engines. But where did the steam engine come from? Who invented this revolutionary invention? How does the steam engine chug-chug at 50+ miles per hour by merely using hot air, emitted by boiling water. The answer to these questions: the steam engine was not invented nor developed solely by one person,Read MoreSteam Engines By Katelyn Warga 2nd Period947 Words   |  4 PagesSteam Engines By Katelyn Warga 2nd Period Being around for over 2000 years, the steam engine has proved its worth. 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