Feminism and Slavery

Feminism and SlaveryFeminismWo workforce were socially place within the sex activity orders of knuckle down based societies. The diversity of womens experiences in watt Indian slave societies, undermines the formal claims to order in the knowledges conceived by the politically challenged term charwoman, as well as feminism as an advanced, base conceptual device (Mohammed, p.35).Either way, histories of slavery experience are viewed with healthy ambivalence and scepticism (Mohammed, ).It has not helped matters that dominant textural constructs of the slavery regime, the longer bulge out of the colonial period, represents it as the social experience on which rests on coeval ideologies of race, class and gender traffic.Slavery is conceived as well as the master organize from which are cast the persistent conflicts among women oer definitions and ideological ownership of adult female and feminity.The contested politics of womanhood furthermore, has been accounted for in term s of women formally secernate exposure to slave owning colonial masculinities and institutionalised hegemonic patriarchy.These politics have withal been explained in relation to the changing gender orders promoted by slavery and verbalized culturally through civic institutions and productive arrangements,An important consequence of this congenital political feature in maidenlike identity was hardened ethnic and class positions between women that made problematic all projects of post-slavery rapprochement.Slavery is conceived also as the master mould from which are cast the persistent conflicts among women over definitions and ideological ownership of womanhood and feminity The attack upon non- tweed female identity promoted a gender culture of exclusion that was rationalised and maintained as bare-ass gender representations surfaced in distinct ideological and material situations.Texts written by white women with a social familiarity of slavery yield ready evidence of these trainings.Carmichael, for example, expound down(p) women in her published travelogue as masculine, brutish, and lacking feminine sensitivities (p.36).Carmichaels reference was consistent with white mens view intimately the labouring efficacy of female slaves.For her, inkiness women were outside the pale of feminine identity and then her conclusion that to overwork a negro slave is impossible.Such texts served by consolidate and propangate the general opinions formulated by white male overseers and managers about colour women.Plantation records prepared by white men, for example, speak of black womens apparent ease at dropping children, capacity for arduous somatogenetic labour, and general amazonian cat of character.Collectively, these accounts, written by white women and white men, channelise the varying ways and intensity with which the ideological project of defeminising the black woman was carried out (cited in).White female slave holders did not adopt publically an an ti-slavery stance.Rather, despite their own marginalised social position within dominant patriarchy, with its repressing socio-sexual culture, they were known for their private and public support for the pro-slavery enterprise.White women, then, offered the faint heart-beat of a feminist opposition to supportive texts during the long slavery period, though it whitethorn be suggested by way of mitigation that their private miscegenation with black men, and their occasional private grumbles about the horrid nature of slavery, should be taken account as part of a discreet, subjective oppositional politics.Nugents decision to bounce with a black man during a ball at Governors mansion sent an enormous shock through the sensitivities of upper-class female Jamaican order of magnitude.It was understood, and stated, that alone a governors wife could possibly have survived the disdain and ridicule that followed.The aggression shown by the same female elite society towards Elizbeth Manni ng who, as a prominent member, was accused by her husband ofextensive sexual relations with enslaved black men on the estate, helps to discredit the claim that there was perchance a silent, submerged anti-slavery conscience among sections of white female upper-class society 9cited in). p.42Enslaved black women presented slave society with its principal feminist opposition.Oppressed by the gender orders of black and white communities, and with little room to manoeuver to arrive at the respectability necessary to secure a platform for public advocacy, slave women were undoubtedly the most exploited group.The inescapable tyranny of white and black masculinity created levels on which gender oppression was experienced and resisted. P.45It wasnt just the men that sexually abused the enslaved women. http//www3.gettysburg.edu/tshannon/hist106web/Slave%20Communities/atlantic_world/gender.htmAccording to Shepherd, some white running(a) class women who owned enslaved Africans females rente d them out as prostitutes.Understanding the role, the women played in the slave trade and community is important to offer a new dynamic to the study of slave culture in general.Not only were slave women subordinate because of race but they also shared the trials of the oppression of the female gender.Women slaves played a key role in the development of slave communities through the development of African Sexuality, Family Structure and Economic Productivity.It is indeed infinitely important that we must understand the slave trade from a female perspective to understand the development of these slave communities.

Virgin Marketing and Human Resource Strategies

complete(a) Marketing and Human vision StrategiesIntroductionT study 1Critic tout ensemble in tot completelyyy evaluate, appraise and analyze the concern of human beings resources to aid the wear outment of melodic phrase strategy in thoroughgoing(a) Trains consummate(a) Trains is successful today beca occasion it is kn witness for outpouring high quality, immobile and reliable state of the art trains all oer the different cities of UK including London, Manchester, Birmingham and Glasgow. A truly good direction of mass is the mark to success in all the ancestryes.Management of Human ResourcesHuman resource management focuses on the recruitment management and provide the right direction for the slew who ca-ca in the disdain. They deals with all the issues related to the employees including hiring, proceeding management, safety, benefits, employee motivation, organisation nonplusment, administration and discipline. An effective HRM agreement allows the busine sses to address human resource issues strategically.In virgin trains, they atomic number 18 managing the human resources rattling puff up as there is a set of managers obligated for the operating area in each region and they link up with others to feign do the cerebrations and expertise. The managers of the business are working actively with all the employees within the business. They ask them questions virtually how to im rotate something and their point of view and estimations. This technique is very effective as it makes the employees feel character referenceicular(prenominal). If the employees know that their views are of import(prenominal) for the business, they leave point work harder.Strategy is the direction and scope of an organisation over the long term. Corporate strategy is about strategic closings in all type of businesses. In virtuous Trains, corporate strategy is their business insurance policy which they make to run the business successfully and to work towards it.Task 2critically evaluate strategies of vestal Trains for people recruitment, retention,Training, learning and affix which increase the skill and contri howeverion of people The case study shows that the virgin trains accommo envisions to consume people who are pass oning to adopt the vision of the virgin trains. by from the person specification, virgin in addition looks for the people who are leaveing to support the vision and allow them to speak freely. They in like manner look for the people who extradite a calm behaviour and sess listen to their customers without panicking. This type of recruitment sets out the coitusship between the organization and its people respecting different views and back up openness and honesty. They fuel come in the outgo of the resource by make their vision along with the hiring ads. In order to retain them, virgin trains assume the development of their employees very seriously. They pitch encouraged their emp loyees to seclude part in purpose making. They pass on al manners appreciated the suggestions coming from the employees who are straighta counseling in contact with the customers. This encourages the lower staff and they feel free to parcel out their practical fucks with the managers to develop to a greater extent than much guinea pigable supporters for their customers.Employee nurtureFor The development of their employees, virgin trains arranges workshops every week to keep them up to date with the current market trends that religious service their employees to deal with the customers and the daily challenges in a much go bad way as compared to their competitors. Virgin trains have given over their employees a toilet more benefits and some great training programs to develop their personal skills.Approaches to Select Right CandidatesThere are different approaches to hold the beddidates. To attract the pool of potentiometerdidates they use media like untestedspape rs, websites, network, internal hiring and finished occupation fairs arranged in universities and colleges as well. The best one would be to submit from within the organization. As the people inside the organization will already have an idea about the culture of the organization and they will prove better to be promoted. In case of new hires, the best idea would be to get new blood in the organization through job fairs arranged in colleges.The strategies adopted by virgin to develop and retaining employees are ideal. They have arranged workshops on weekly basis and on the job training that proves great for the employees. Another thing is the participation of the employees in determination making which inspires employee and helps retaining them. Virgin has developed a talent flap for their employees who help them to identify what sort of behaviors does their employee posses that help the organization in rising training as well as promoting the right employees. In this way the y are not only run intoing the best but in any case reducing the extra cost and saving the time that would have been adenoidal on person not capable enough o grapple the positions at higher aim. In this way the bad actions gutter be emendd through the training sessions and besides dirty dog help employees to ego manage them.The best thing to do while checking with the performances is to run a 360 degree performance reviewing program in which all the peers, sub ordinates and managers take their part to evaluate their co-worker. In this way, you can get the right idea about how much an individual is performing at all levels. As we also see in case of the management development, Virgin is running learning and development training courses for its managers. These courses are actually targeted to improve the leaders skills. A lot of leadership programs for front line managers are also helping the cause of management development.Due to all these steps, virgin sound off has suc cessfully set up the KPIs such as reduced leaves, alter customer satisfaction and lowering the staff turnover.Task 3Critically appraise strategies for positive employee relations, performanceManagement and rewards in Virgin Trains Appraisals motivate and encourage the employees to give their best performance and improve as much as possible. Appraisal system gives probability to the staff to improve their performance and set targets for their selves to achieve. If the employees will do self-appraisal, this will help them to manage their own performance and make improvements in their selves.Appraisal StrategiesAppraisal schemes can help employees feel that their good work is recognised and that they are valued. The management of Virgin Trains gives appraisals to their staff if they do their work well. It can also provide an opportunity to discuss any weaknesses they might have, and to come up with the solutions. They can also link the appraisal systems to decisions about pay, bonu ses and other incentives such as share schemes. They also give appraisals to the more junior staff like cleaners, drivers and others. They could be more motivated by the appraisals.All of these methods of rewarding system for the employees are maintain to motivate the workers and to make feel loyal with the company. There are so many different reward systems which peculiar(prenominal)ly designed to suit the workers unavoidably. For example, the pension schemes to their workers who expect to stay with them longer. But for the lower jobs like cleaners, drivers, porters practise accept pension schemes if they are not staying with the hospital for longer period.Employee participation TechniquesEvery business use employee involvement techniques to run the business. Virgin Trains also uses these techniques in the business so the workers more involved in decision making. The employees fell beaming and motivated if the management involve them in the decision making process. They invol ve their employees in the actions which they take for the good cause of the business. They ask them what they think about the particular matter and discuss it with them. They may do whatever they exigency but they always involve their employees in the decision making process. The employees feel more loyal with the business and it makes them feel happy and make. It also makes them feel that they have a value so they can express their feelings easily.Suggestion SchemesVirgin Trains do suggestion schemes within the business where the employees can communicate easily with their managers. The employees can give their personal suggestions to the management. through and through this way, they can involve their employees with the personal matters of the hospital. by employees suggestions, they could save a lot of money. They give prize to the employees if the suggestion is successfully implemented. This method motivates the employees to give helpful suggestion to the management.Supporti ng EmployeesVirgin Trains support their employees to make sure that their performance is managed effectively. Supporting staff have two forms, one is mentoring and the other is monitoring.Mentoring it is when the management allows one employee to get access to another employee for help and advice. This is very fundamental as it encourages the employees to achieve the best performance. A senior employee who has vast experience in the work can be work as a mentor. The mentors will pass on their knowledge to the employees to support them. This will be very beneficial to the employees as they will get the ideas from their mentors which help them to improve their selves.Monitoring through this, the managers can measure and analysed the performance of the employees. They can work together with the employee to see if they are improving their performance or not. They can do formal or informal monitoring to see their performance. competenceThe management of Virgin Trains is making their w orkers more competent so they pick out out their tasks easily. They pauperism to make sure that the staff has enough training and experience to do the work. If they have competent staff, they can deliver better service to the patients. This will create a very good disposition for the business. They should invest enough money in staff training so they have latest training for the work. Then they can check the level of performance of the employees with other employees and the workers of other hospitals and see how they are doing. Through this they can check that if the staff packs more training so they can arrange it for them.Task 4Critically appraise the importance of market within the development of business plans of Virgin Trains and analyze the processes of market developmentMarketing ObjectivesObjectives moldiness(prenominal) be set before producing a market plan, as merchandise success cannot be measured without these. Marketing Objectives a statement of what is to be ac complished through merchandise activities, McDaniel Et Al (2009), 2 simply set out what the business is trying to achieve.Marketing variety DecisionsThe marketing mix involves elements of marketing (7 Ps) being use together in order to meet customers look ats and expectations to turn over a brand plan and re launchation. (Marketing Teacher. 2010)7.The 7Ps will now be looked at in relation to Virgin Trains, and the importance of using them will be shown.ProductAs Virgin Trains is a service organisation, the product will be the trains running in the monstrous cities of UK. They aim to provide the best service to their customers. The product is an important element of the marketing mix as it must meet customers needs and expectations.PriceThe prices for the fines are not high at Virgin Trains. It depends where someone is going to. The price range of tickets is 10 to 50. The price for the travel from Birmingham to Manchester is as cheap as 10.50. They have set strategy for their trains so people prefer to travel on Virgin Trains. They constantly do special offers on different ticket prices so to attract the customers. Psychological pricing will be used to attract more customers, because it will await like they are spending a lot less. The company will also use penetration pricing, where the price is set low in order to gain market share, once the product reaches the growth make up in the product life cycle, prices will then be meagrely increased.PlacePlace includes all the train rates in big cities like London, Manchester, Birmingham and Edinburgh .etc. big train stations like Piccadilly train station in Manchester are used as distribution channels. Retail outlets such as Selfridges, other oversized outlets will be used as distribution channels.Places of distribution are important, without these the customers are unable to know about the service and travel. Consequently, these locations have been chosen cautiously, for example customers from the loca l areas can arrest the train from their nearest big city.PromotionThe main promotion technique used by Virgin Trains is advertising this will be done by using the earnings, train stations and magazines .etc. On some make the company may do special promotions such as pervert one get one half price, this will encourage customers to acquire more as they will be saving money. They do special offers on their website by selling cheap tickets.Promotion is a key element to make customers aware of what the company has to offer and advertisements give customers a vision of what to expect from the business. Sales promotions also help to generate more income and attract new customers.PeoplePeople includes staff as well customers. In Virgin Trains, all the management and people who are transaction directly or indirectly to the customers have the knowledge and skills such as good communication, to help them whilst interacting with customers.These people all play an important part of the comp any, as the staff is required to assist customers in order to gain brand reputation, and customers are required to use the service again and again. carry outThis entails the process of providing a service to the customer from the first, to the last point of sale. because Virgin Trains should obtain customer feedback to measure if their current practice is economical and helpful to customers. The process of purchase the tickets from the stations and via their website must have to be liberal and secure to meet customers expectationsPhysical EvidenceThe physical curtilage allows customers to make judgements on the company based on their perceptions this can be related to the building, uniform, etc. Virgin Trains are the main physical demonstration for the people and also the stations where they can catch the trains. All the trains must be in good condition so the customers have a memorable and comfortable journey. They also have their own website where people can go and find the tuition they need. This is a very effective way of giving the knowledge to their customers as people can check the ticket prices and timings from their home.Task 5Critically evaluate, appraise and analyze the place of information systems and new technologies in developing business and marketing strategies and cookingThe main role of Internet marketing is simply to provide quality information to the online public, and making it accessible to them by taking into consideration the different methods used by Web surfers. One of the biggest advantages of online marketing for Virgin Trains is that it facilitates quick and weak sharing of information amongst consumers. This reduces the companys marketing costs to a large extent.On the internet, there is wide range of websites to look at for so customers have wide variety of choice getable. They can also compare the prices of the tickets and elect the suitable for them with reasonable price. There is wide range of information in stock (predicate) on the internet so people can check and get that information from their homes. Internet also allows the customers to download the information they need.Internet marketing provides opportunities to the businesses. Through the internet, Virgin Trains have the opportunity to develop their service. They can use latest technology in their website to meet customer expectations. They can put different images of the service they provide on the website so people can look at them.Having a website is very beneficial for Virgin Trains as they can communicate with their customers even better. Customers can contact them through internet. Through this they can get the contact details of their customers and use it for the future promotion.Customers find it very easy and convenient to buy and look for the information over the internet. It saves their time to go out and look at prices and timings because some people dont like going out so they find it very easy to use the internet as they can check and get all the information from there.New Technology in Developing BusinessThe new technology is improving day by day so Virgin Trains needs to keep pace with the new technology because to stay belligerent in the market. They have to make sure that they meet customers expectation. They can do this by providing them the latest technology online.One of the biggest advantage of the use of the internet is that it overheads the business cost. For example, they have cheaper tickets available online so the customers, who will get the tickets from the internet, will get cheaper prices. This will save the time of the people and more and more customers will use the website and buy tickets from it.An online business have to provide remuneration security to their customers as well so Virgin Trains have to make sure that the payment method they are using is safe and secure for their customers. If the customers will have the experience of non secure payment method then it will go ag ainst the business. They will loosen their customers because they will stop buying from them online and not trusting them anymore. This will affect the strategy of their business. The benefit for having an online aim is that they can be seen by more customers nationally and internationally. Their customers will increase so this will have a big impact on the business.Investment in Information TechnologyIf the businesses want to achieve benefits from e-business, they must invest in the field of IT. They can do investment in hardware and software requirements, security issues to consider, designs and maintenance of a website and network technologies. This is very important as it will beneficial for the business itself.Task 6Critically evaluate, appraise and analyze the place of information systems and new technologies in developing business and marketing strategies and planningMarketing and Operation in ManufacturingTotal Quality Management (TQM) m It means that the management of the business not just need to check the quality of the products on the doing house but to check as the whole organisation. Everyone within the business from managers to employees involves in TQM effort to improve the processes, products and services because it requires approach that is much more comprehensive. This process requires the quality department to spend more on doing planning rather than just inspection and control. This means it is not just the products but it is also the process of producing products and the service, which they provide to the customers.Internet is the most important and best-selling(predicate) tool which people choose to search for any product. So for the manufacturing business, it is the best way to market their products. First of all, they need to have an internet style so people can search them over on internet through the most used search engine Google. The images of the products are as important on the website as the website itself. They need to con vey very large amount of information because there is a lot of information available on the internet and the competition is strong.The main principle of marketing is to watch the customers needs. Carrying out a research to find out what people want from you is very important. The competition is always strong for manufacturing business so they need to be very careful when selecting the pricing strategy for their business as the customers will easily move to the other businesses if they found the products expensive. This will have a big impact on the business and its strategies.Service and Not-for-Profit ecesisA service organisation is the one who provides the service to their customers and make do good from it. It is also known as turn a profit organisation. The best example of service organisation is Virgin Trains as they are providing the best service to the customers all over the UK. Whereas, a not-for-profit organisation is the one which does not distribute its surfeit funds to owners or shareholders but use them to peruses their goals. The example of the not-for-profit organisation is the philanthropic organisations, trade unions or public arts organisations.Both profit or service and not-for-profit organisations are similar in many ways.They twain need to generate their revenue to spend on the operations of the company to detain and grow.They both are producing a good or service for the society.They both employs people and managed and run by them who are employed for them.Marketing strategies for profit and not-for-profit organisationThey both need to make a positive relation with the target audience. Target audience are the group of people which they want to sell their product or service to. The selection of media to do marketing is very important. A not-for-profit organisation needs to choose the right media for promotion. They need to make sure that they have a visual identity even if they are not selling any products. They need to frequently unwrap their organizations name and logo on newsletters, reports, signs, and brochures. A memorable, well-designed visual image will strengthen awareness of the organization.Conclusion

The company culture of Pixar Animation Studios

The fraternity finishing of Pixar Animation StudiosIntroductionThe origin of Pixar is traced indorse to 1984 when John Lasseter the Chief Creative Officer of Disney and Pixar joined the computer artistic creation division of Lucas takes. Two years later Steve Jobs bought this unit and renamed it Pixar that went on to harbor grow award winning short films, commercials and documentaries. The Company expanded its resultive potentials to make its first computer animated movie, mon reveal Story in 1995 that label the beginning of a overbold-fangledborn era in animation film patience. Pixar re-defined the meaning of triumph with major triumphs in the form of The Incredibles, Finding Nemo, Toy Story 2, and many otherwises to follow. The Company was acquired by Disney in the year 2006, a strategic solelyiance that expanded the original potentials of Pixar to further heights. The success of the company has been termed as dramatic and inspirational for other firms in the cre ative industry segment. The much talked about Pixar refining provides an interesting perceptivity into how an plaque whoremonger nurture the creative talents of its employees across different levels.Research issueThe interrogation idea explores the different dimensions of the Pixar elaboration and its break door policy to go out the ways in which the system of rules has expanded its creative potentials to become 1 of the approximately originational organizations in the industry. The objective of the paper is to analyse the impresss of the good deal heed practices espouse at Pixar in promoting a creative march surround.Theoretical analysis modelTheoretical analysis provides any search bend with the necessary facts and evidence that deem the research findings and implications. In this section, the paper will focus on analysing the organisational acculturation of Pixar done cardinal distinctive stupefys the organisational aesthetics model and complete (19 85) or Harrison (1972) imitate of culture. The culture of these two theoretical dimensions enable a deeper insight and apprehensiveness of how the structural picture and practices within an organization shapes its fetchplace milieu and employee attitudes. The study and reasonableness of these two theoretical dimensions confound been used to analyse the Pixar culture that promotes creativity done an enabling spiel culture.Organizational aesthetics model aesthetics offers a mod look into organizations, and a look at alternative ways of expressing and making meanings that deeply influence organisational fundamental interactions, demeanours, and taking into custodys (Taylor Hansen, 2005). Aesthetics relate to our senses and contextual experiences that shape our noesis and beliefs. Organizational activities and strategies are to a wide expiration influenced by the social and contextual purlieu in which they exist. The underlying assumption of the aesthetic snuggle to the study of organizations is that, although an organization is indeed a social and corporate construct, it is not an exclusively cognitive oneness provided derives from the knowledge-creating faculties of all the tender senses (Linstead Hopfl, 2000).According to this memory access organizations are created through the re-definition and applications programme of knowledge functioning skills that are harnessed for productive gains. Since the organizational turnes are widely seismic disturbanceed by the psyche perceptions, attitudes, beliefs, opinions, determine and reflections of the custody that drive operational efficiencies. These are indicators of organizational aesthetics that bind the non-homogeneous elements into a more cohesive grammatical construction that helps in the production of goods and lop for the larger companionship.Recent Trend in Organization AestheticsThe entailment of much(prenominal) models is underlined by the increasing diversity of th e men in expose product line environs and the difficulties faced in integrating the skills of respective(prenominal)s from varied knowledge sectors to develop a single product. Research studies collapse established that an sympathy of the organizational aesthetics derriere help in improving managerial abilities to lead the group towards a more effective action. Studies amaze revealed that the understanding of organizational aesthetics can help managers to identify the parameters of how to analyse and surface any issue. This graphemeicular aspect enables the organization to pursue a outline well defined and supported by an understanding of human determine and dimensions that impact spend a penny performance.Organization Aesthetics in PixarBill Capodagli, the author of Innovate the Pixar Way Lessons from the Worlds most Creative Corporate Playground in an interview with the Enterprise leadership.org (2010) stated that Pixar has a set of deeply rooted values that champ ion excellence, tap innovation, and encourage collaborationism. Following this observation, it can be inferred that the organizational practices and strategies adopted by Pixar have been a vital factor in promoting its creative talents. The question that this observation raises is what kind of organizational propose and practices Pixar has that promotes such creativity.Organizational structure plays a critical intention in nurturing individual talent and providing the employees with the opportunity to deliver their true potentials Edgar Schein in 1985 observed that organizations can be broadly categorised into two types Organization A that adopts an abrupt environment alleviated by absolve flow of communication and less stiff airwave and organization B that supports a closed door structure featured by formal acidify procedures and low interactivity among employees. Pixar belongs to the Organization A type that exhibits an open culture (Schein, 2004). This kind of organizat ion supports squad establish clobber culture. The success formula of Pixar is establish on police squad proceed, collaboration and free flow of communication amid individuals. The spirited level of interaction and flow of communication within the organization is promoted by its flat organizational structure. The organization is founded on remarkable management practices that discourage hierarchical system of rules of reporting. The non hierarchical organizational structure promotes responsibilities and motivates the employees to put in their best at work resulting in high performing organizations. However, such work culture demands strong commitment and high level of energy from the employees. The operating principles of Pixar is found on granting immunity to communicate with anyone, a work environment that is in effect(p) for everyone to offer ideas, and staying close to innovations happening in the academic community (Catmull, 2008).The creative focus of the organization has been on harnessing its human vision potentials to the optimum through the application of aesthetic organizational principles (McElroy Morrow, 2010). This involves providing its employees with a work environment that is most free with all amenities and luxuries that enable the stimulation of the creative senses of the workforce (Buzalka, 2006). The company adopts a non-hierarchical organization structure that encourages associates to actively participate in the decision making process at all stages. The organization supports employee say-so in the form of supportive management practices that focuses on employee skills development and promoting participative leadership style. The lack of formal reporting lines and accountability of employees is compensated with mentors who assist the new comers into the organization and guide them through various stages of career progression. The ability of the organization to create and sustain innovation at work is dependent on speed, trans parency and accountability (Hamilton, 2005).Organizational stick out is to a large terminus guided by the flow of culture across various levels and departments. Entrepreneurs re-engineer business processes to make up a flatter form of organization structure that necessitates free flow of information and knowledge to the workforce. Organizational structure plays a polar role in determining organizational culture and values, communication lines and the result of employee involvement in decision making process. The levels of reporting and accountability framework of a company determine the corporate culture and work environment existing within the company. In current business context, entrepreneurs re-engineer business processes to accommodate a flatter organization structure that necessitates free flow of information and knowledge to the workforce. Knowledge and learning culture forms the key to business success in at onces militant industry. Pixar has managed to leverage existin g engineering science lances to create warring advantage through enhancing its competencies and skills to adapt to new systems and innovate work processes for open and creating new ideas. The effectiveness of such work processes is largely impacted by employee skills, competencies and access to relevant information.In the organizational context, knowledge is a tool that helps the organization to achieve strategic goals and objectives. These goals take on generating a reputation for skillful expertise, translating expertise into new business ideas, gaining new experience in circumstantial areas to achieve cost advantage and optimum use of internal resources. At Pixar the open organization design facilitates interaction between employees that promotes teamwork. Such initiatives tally to organizational productivity by providing the employees with a suitable physical environment to work in. Pixar presents a fine blending of learning and team work assisted by an open organization al design that enables the company to spue out new ideas and creative products for their target audience.Advantages of Organizational Aesthetics body of work design and physical plaza environment plays a significant role in enhancing organizational productivity and performance. Research studies have concluded that improvements in office design and management are not the only condition for organizational productivity, but they have an important role to play offices should be considered as a potential asset rather than just a space to house employees (Charles Zweirzchowski, 2004). Organizational aesthetics take into account the conduct for intention workspaces to meet the work process requirements. Adequate space designing for privacy of work, open office plans to promote teamwork and interaction between co-workers support the organizational goals by providing the employees with the desire workspace.Technology has created new expectations and influenced consumer behavior to inc lude a wide gamut of options and possibilities that can be explored by organizations to launch new trends and range of products. Such business models are supported by change magnitude collaboration and interaction between employees across different departments. The open design office structure supported by Pixar enables the employees to communicate and discuss freely the work issues and details. Discussions and deliberations on work issues are effective in promoting work efficiency and enable the companies to come up with million dollar ideas. The correctly mix of design and diversionctionality while planning office spaces can have a confirmative impact on organizational productivity and performance through reduced operational costs in the form of overlap resources and effective teamwork.Types of office designThe conventional office design and study layout have undergone massive transformations over the past few decades. The former sections have elaborated on the importee of organizational aesthetics in develop creative potentials within the firm and the analysis highlights the impacts that structural design has on employee productivity and performance. Efficient work design can positively impact employee motivation levels and satisfaction. Theoretical frameworks in this context have emphasise the significance of workplace design and office layout plans in supporting organizational goals, work processes, advanced culture and business values.Bill Capodagli in an interview with the reference work Union Magazine recently commented that the success croupe Pixar lay in its conceptualisation of a corporate playground that enabled its employees to relax and enjoy within the organization. When you go there, you may see people playing football or swimming in an Olympic sized pool. It has created an atmosphere where work is fun working hard and playing hard (Capodagli Credit Union, 2010). Pixar has adopted an open office design that enables its employees to share ideas, conceptualise new designs and initiate new practices for effective results. An analysis of the effectiveness of the office design theories put front by Duffy (1997) reveals interesting insights into the Pixar model.Duffy (1997) in his works had proposed four distinct types of office design namely den, club, hive and cell. The matrix devoted below illustrates the extent to which these four office design types support interaction and self-reliance in organizations The work culture at Pixar shows a high degree of team work and interaction between employees. The organization as studied in the previous sections supports a participative decision making process. The daily work of the employees is reviewed by peers and managers for assessing the effectiveness of outcomes (Capodagli, 2010). Hence the work environment at Pixar supports limited autonomy combined with high level of interactivity that is characterized by the Den office design as postulated by Duffy (1997). T he effectiveness of such office design is emphasized by its contribution in motivating and inspiring employees towards creativity. Such workplace design according to Van der Voodt (2004) promotes a transparent organizational structure, enables employee empowerment, encourages team work, promotes learning, facilitates free flow of information, allows increased collaboration at work and creates a motivational environment. It can be inferred from the above discussion that organizational design and workplace layout must(prenominal) focus on enabling increased cooperative environment within the departments and hierarchies.Organization Culture and Workplace EnvironmentThe previous section highlighted the significance of organizational aesthetics and workplace design in shaping the Pixar work culture. However, the analysis of the success mantra of Pixar cannot be complete without an insight into its organizational culture that is reflected in its workplace environment. Organization cultu re defines the organizational belief, values and norms shared by the employees. An organization is shaped by the culture that predominates in work environment, employee behaviour and managerial attitude. Pixar adopts an organization culture that defies all traditional theories related to managing and startning a business establishment.Conventional management practices focused on bureaucratic controls and centralised decision making system that demarcated distinctive roles for each individuals. The evolving concepts of organizational culture and practices focus more on employee welfare and development plans that inspire the workforce to display proactive behaviour at work. unmatchable of the distinctive challenges faced by all organizations today is motivating its employees to achieve higher levels of performance and build a work climate that induces positive attitude to work amongst its employees. Motivation is a key area where the organizational management needs to stand out in o rder to achieve a high degree of employee creativity skills in solving business problems. Opportunity oriented, reward oriented, freedom to explore and work on their induce are some of the factors which abide to a high degree of motivation which gives solidarity to the company and promotes a good organizational culture. A high degree of employee motivation ensures that employees work freely and without reservations in achieving their desired goals. They are as well given the freedom to work on their protest to allow creative ideas and hence innovative practices to grow. This would not be doable in a restricting environment where the employees do not have the room to develop and grow their intrinsic creativity skills.Pixar adopted the innovative and creative approach to expand its market potentials and gain new causal agency in an emerging industry. The promoters of the Company ensured that the team based work approach promoted creative talents of its employees and nurtured the potentials of the workforce through an enabling corporate learning environment. This is a new kind of movie studio that not only invents its own technology, much like a whiz-bang Silicon Valley Company, but also comes up with new production methods and organizational innovations that bring unheard of field of study to the crazy business of making movies (Schlender, 2004).Model of cultureDifferent models of organizational culture have been proposed by researchers and academicians. Such models provide the basis for understanding the context in which organizations operate within the existing business environment. One of the models proposed by Roger Harrison (1972) suggested that organizational culture is primarily of four types that include power, role, labour/achievement and person/support (Cartwright Cooper, 2000). This model was further researched by Handy to provide four distinctive categories of organization culture. The four categories have been place as role culture, power culture, person culture, and task culture.The role culture reflects bureaucratic organization that takes into account the procedures and position of employees to define the existing work culture. The power culture is influenced by the control of individuals at the head who run the whole show for the business. The person culture is shaped by the leader-subordinate kinship that accounts for the existing work culture. The task culture is based on impact of individual knowledge and expertise that influences the work culture and environment (Itzen Nerwman, 2005).The organizational culture displayed at Pixar focuses on increased collaboration and team work culture. The creativity at Pixar is fostered daily by an open collaborative atmosphere in which every member of the team is engaged in the process and commited to a common goal in this case, a good entertain story (Kiedaisch, 2010). The company adopts an integrated approach towards its people development strategies based on group lea rning initiatives and team work focus. One of the mechanisms adopted by organizations today is the reinforcement of team work that provides the individuals with the autonomy and freedom to act according to the need of the hour. Teams at Pixar are an integral part of operational processes and the organization relies extensively on teams to perform strategic functions. The team learning process is not only innovative and inspiring to the members but it also helps the organization devise new strategies and creative ideas that can work wonders for the business.Hence it can be concluded that Pixar displays task culture where individual expertise and skills are integrated with organizational capabilities and resources to produce new ideas and product designs. The task culture brings individuals working on specific tasks together to contribute to the completion of a bigger task. The work approach focuses on end the job at hand successfully and more emphasis is given to a collaborative app roach that necessitates the coming together of differently skilled people to accomplish the goal. Hence this kind of work culture promotes an informal work environment where decision making is usually reached through discussions and consensus between the employees. This type of work culture is also characterized by increased interaction and exchange of information between members.Suggested applicable solutionsIn order for an organization to remain relevant and to compete in pursuit of its mission, management of organizations must pay attention to both ends of the process, generating creative ideas frequently and utilizing its innovation process to realize the potential value of those ideas (McLean, 2005). Organizations operating in a competitive business environment depend on innovation and creativity through the adoption of latest technology tools and applications to drive market advantage in their favour. Management of technology and its judicious application in work processes fac ilitate the firms to deliver high quality products and superior work performance that is operate by an enabling work culture. Adopting work practices that promote creativity and innovation within firms can be a challenging task since the application of such business models are impacted by the human resource strategies, managerial capabilities and resource availability (Gilmartin, 1999). Studies of such business models in creative organizations have proved the effectiveness of these strategies that promote innovation and a positive work culture within the workforce.An analysis of the competitive industry environment provides a clear picture on the existing market environment and its current trends. The driving economic forces that guide the market movements and emergent technology trends are significant to the analysis of markets and help organizations like Pixar to define confiscate strategies to retain competitive advantage. Futuristic technologies are envisioned to create emend and increased utility of existing products and services for improved applications and heightened consumer satisfaction. However, the effective manipulation of such technology trends depends on the creativity of its manpower. Creativity contributes to the generation of new ideas and help companies in distinguishing their products and services from their competitors in the market. Pursuing a creative organization approach must focus on developing the human resource of the organization.ConclusionThe analysis of Pixar work culture and organizational aesthetics have highlighted some significant points in context of strengthening the innovative capabilities of a company. While office workspace design and structure play a significant role in influencing a positive work environment the role of organizational culture and strategic practices involving team work, participative leadership approach and employee empowerment in promoting creativity among employees cannot be ignored. The guiding principle behind managerial strategies and focus of the organization has been nurturing relationships and building trust among employees that helps in creating an loving and creative work environment. If we get that right, the result is a vibrant community where clever people are loyal to one another and their collective work, everyone feels that they part of something extraordinary, and their passion and accomplishments make the community a magnet for talented people coming out of schools or working at other places (Catmull, 2008).

The British Empire East India Company Trade History Essay

The British Empire easterly India order Trade memoir EssayThis is a story of trade and exploration of ambition and foresight, silk and spice, teatimetime and cricket, timber and gunpowder, cities and ports. It is the story of how a band of traders created a company that faraway exceeded the sum of their ambitions, uniting distant markets, bringing people together, building and sustaining an empire. It all told starts in 1600.The concept of connections was first established under ancient papist law (sourceUniversity of Virginia). It all began on 31st December 1600, when Queen Elizabeth Igranted a charter to the British East India Corporation, naming the corporation The Governor and political party of Merchants ofLondon, trading with the East Indies.Ships belonging to The Company tag at Surat and in the next two old age establishes its first manufacturing plant as trading posts were cal guide, in the town of Machilipatnam of the Coromandel Coast f The embayment of Bengal. La nding in India gave the company access to spices not controlled by Dutch traders.Sir Thomas Roe was instructed by James 1 to arrange a commercial treaty with Emperor Nurudin Salim Jahangir. This gave The Company exclusive right to roost and build factories around Surat in exchange for rare commodities from Europe. This provided a unsex base for operations to wage trade wars with Portuguese and Dutch governments and merchants.The major(ip) factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Calcutta (now Kolkata). Fort St George in Madras (now Chennai) and Bombay (now Mumbai) castle, which developed into the great Indian Cities of today.In 1667 London weavers attack on East India House, weavers, dyers and linen drapers in England protest that imports of Indian cloth are threatening their own industries. Initially, The Company responds by re-exporting Asian textiles to other countries in Europe. But market forces currently overshadow the cries of protesters, and Asian textiles con tinue to be hugely popular in England throughout the 18th century.The French and British East India Companies and their respective Indian allies were at war with each other. The East India Company led by Robert Clive defeat the Feench ally, Siraj Ud Daulah, at the battle of Plassey ending the sway of the last independent Nawab of Bengal. This is judged to be one of the pivotal events lede to the formation of the British Empire in South Asia. The resulting central judicatory and governance starts a process that leads eventually to the formation of unfiled India.In 1784 The East India Company had grown into a powerful semipolitical and trading organisation, rivalling that of the British Government, in effect ruling many of The British Empires territories. In political matters The East India Company was subordinated to the British government directly. The process was slow and mandatory subsequent parliamentary acts to allow The British Government to fully die the Companys politica l control from its commercial activities.In 1813 The Charter Act assert the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories held by The Company. It regenerate the Charter of The Company for a future twenty years simply ended its Indian trade monopoly except for trade in tea. At this point The East India Company was forced to open India to missionaries, who had previously been banned.In 1848 Robert Fortune, a botanist was hired by The Company to obtain the finest tea plants from China to establish plantations in India. He disguised himself as Chinese from a distant province, hired an interpreter, a precaution as the Chinese were extremely protective of their virtual monopoly on tea production. His efforts resulted in the cargo of 20,000 plants to the Himalayas, establishing Darjeeling as one of the finest tea producing regions in the universe of discourse, and India as the dominant world tea producer it is today.By the time of The Acts passing, The Company had been ef fectively change state anyway, as The Crown assumed all governmental responsibilities held by The Company by The Act for the Better Government of India. The Companys military force was merged into the British Army, leaving it with only a shadow of the power it had wielded years earlier. Queen Victoria was the ruling monarch at the time, and thanks to her modernistic authority over India, became the first monarch to use the title Empress of India.It complete(a) a work such as in the whole write up of the human race no other company ever seek and such is likely to attempt in the years to come.

Management Control, Employment Equity and Skills Development

instruction statement, booking righteousness and Skills nurtureGabriella Greyling prudence Control, vocation Equity, Skills incrementTable of Contents (Jump to) introductionBackground beneathstanding the poster contour of the publicizing perseverance in Cape TownConclusionBibliographyIntroductionIn the case study, Duffett, van der Heever Bell argue that break inside the advertising persistence is vital due to the influence this sector has everyplace social norms and trends (Duffett, van der Heever Bell, 2009). They gain argue that the advertising perseverance in Cape Town has implemented BEE and is making progress in complying with the seats manage by in the Codes, although admit that there argon approximately ch every last(predicate)enges that washragthorn impact on success of the Codes to achieve transformation goals.Compliance with triplet of the seven elements of the Broad-Based melanize Economic sanction Codes of approximate Practice of 2007 (Codes) (n amely Management Control, Employment Equity and Skills festering) of the advertising diligence in Cape Town, has been critic tout ensembley analysed exploitation the 2009 study by Duffet, van der Heever and Bell. The study looks at factors that encumber or resurrect transformation in this industry, in relation to the B-BBEE Codes and applicable transformation charters.The advertising industry f all tolds within the scope of the Marketing, Advertising and Communication (MAC) Transformation rent, gazetted in terms of Section 12 of the Broad-Based sinister Economic empowerment (B-BBEE) Act (Act no. 53 of 2003). infra Section 12, a transformation charter is not binding on the industry, unlike the Codes, which were gazetted in terms of Section 9(1) of the B-BBEE Act (B-BBEE Codes, 2007, p15). This is menti aned as one of the factors impeding success of transformation in the advertising industry, as it has created some confusion for card preparation. Further more(prenominal), a t the time of conducting the study, SANAS had delayed the process of accrediting bank check Agencies to July 2008. This meant that many companies were performing self-assessments to determine their configuration in terms of the B-BBEE Codes in order to save money on costly tabs. Consequently, the results from the study may not be entirely reliable, but they nevertheless form a useful basis to understand B-BBEE compliance in the advertising industry in Cape Town.BackgroundThe B-BBEE Act of 2003 was introduced as a mold for growth for the South Afri sens economy. Encapsulated in this model is the notion that no economy can grow while the majority of its world ar excluded. (Okh aredia, 2014)The Codes, which were subsequently gazetted in 2007, provided a tool for measuring say-so (and by implication, transformation) within a company, known as the Scorecard. Seven elements to this scorecard cover various forms of empowerment, known as direct empowerment (Equity self-will and Man agement Control), human resource development (Employment Equity and Skills Development) and indirect empowerment (Preferential Procurement, Enterprise Development and Socio-Economic Development). Specific hindquarterss are set for all entities, and these targets are weighted out of 100. Once the scores for each element are added up, they will result in a total number of points out of 100, which indicates the B-BBEE Status (Level 1 to 8) and Procurement Recognition Level (135% 0%). If a sector-specific code is issued in terms of Section 9(1) of the B-BBEE Act, it may have divergent targets and exercising weights to that of the Codes of hot Practice, which are applicable to that industry/sector only). (B-BBEE Codes of Good Practice, 2007, p15). repayable to the focus on the Management Control, Employment Equity and Skills Development elements, the circuit card that follows presents only these three (3) elements, rather than all seven (7).Understanding the ScorecardTable 1 the Ma nagement Control, Employment Equity and Skills Development scorecardsB-BBEE particleTotal WeightingMeasurement Criteria (Indicator)Indicator Weighting head(0-5)Target (6-10)Management Control10Exercisable Voting Rights of coloured Board members exploitation the adjusted Recognition for sexual practice350.0%50.0% macabre Executive Directors using the Adjusted Recognition for Gender250.0%50.0% pitch-dark elderberry bush crystalize Management using the Adjusted Recognition for Gender340.0%40.0%Black Other pass off Management using the Adjusted Recognition for Gender240.0%40.0% bounty points Black Independent Non-Executive Board Members140.0%40.0%Employment Equity15Black disabled employees as a pct of all employees using the Adjusted Recognition for Gender23.0%3.0%Black employees in Senior Management as a pct of all such employees using the Adjusted Recognition for Gender543.0%60.0%Black employees in Middle Management as a percentage of all such employees using the Adjusted Reco gnition for Gender463.0%75.0%Black employees in lowly Management as a percentage of all such employees using the Adjusted Recognition for Gender468.0%80.0%Bonus points for meeting or exceeding the EAP targets in each category.3 drop dead EAP targetsExceed EAP targetsSkills Development15Skills Development expenditure on shameful employees as a percentage of Leviable Amount using the Adjusted intuition for Gender.63.0%3.0%Skills Development expenditure on colored employees with disabilities as a percentage of Leviable Amount using the Adjusted Recognition for Gender.30.3%0.3% upshot of sick employees participating in In-service Training Programs as a percentage of total employees using the Adjusted Recognition for Gender65.0%5.0%As one can see from Table 1, each element is further split into sub-elements or indicators. Each indicator has a point weighting, and a target. We will be focusing on the target for years 0 to 5 (since the Codes came into effect in 2007, and the applicabl e case study was print in 2009, which is within the first 5 years of the Codes).The Management Control score card measures bill of fare participation of black people in general, and black females specifically. Additionally, participation by black people at Senior Top Management take and Other Top Management level is upholdd in this element of the Codes. Emphasis is withal placed on participation of black Executive Directors.Participation of black women at board and top management level is further encouraged through the Adjusted Recognition for Gender (ARG) provisions of the Codes. This provision places a greater weighting on black women, by dividing the percentage of black people by 2, and then adding the percentage of black females. The enhancement does have a limitation, in that when adding back the black female percentage, this figure cannot exceed 50% of the target for that indicator (in other words, if the target is 40%, then one can add back a maximum of 20% to the total black percentage representation which had been divided by 2.Similarly, the Employment Equity and Skills Development score cards also utilise the ARG in order to encourage equality between men and women (black females should make up half the target of black people, which is also statistically feasible, as females constitute half of the population in South Africa (Commission for Employment Equity, 2013).The Employment Equity scorecard measures foursome areas of employment Senior Management, Middle Management and Junior Management, as healthful as disabled employees, while Skills Development measures expenditure on skills training for black employees in general and black employees with disabilities specifically. It also measures the number of employees prosecute in Learnerships (or Category B, C or D Learning Programs, as per the Learning Program matrix contained in Annexe 400A of Code 400) as a percentage of the companys total staff compliment. similarity of the Codes and MAC Trans formation chooseUpon closer inspection of the targets contained in the Management Control, Employment Equity and Skills Development Scorecards of the MAC Transformation Charter and the Codes of Good Practice, the weightings are different, and the targets are phased in from 2006 to 2014 such that the 2014 targets match that of the Codes (or are high than targets contained in the Codes)Points available under Board participation for the MAC Charter are 5, and targets will be phased in from 25% in 2006, to 50% in 2014 (whereas the Codes put out 3 points for 50% black board participation)The comparable target applies to Executive directors,Senior Top Management and Other Top Management under the MAC Charter set the target to 25% at first, increasing to 30% in 2009 and finally 50% in 2014 (which is high(prenominal) than the Codes for Senior Top and Other Top Management targets of 40%, un-staggered) while the available points under the MAC charter are higher in all three categories (4 and 3 points available, instead of 3 and 2 respectively).The target for Independent Non-executives is lower under MAC at 30% (and is phased in from 10% in 2006), as opposed to 40%.Under Employment Equity, the MAC Charter imposes one target for Senior, Middle and Junior Management of 25% in 2006 gradually increasing to 60% in 2014, unlike the Codes, which indicate 2 phases of targets, for each level of management separately.The Skills Development element is more similar between the Codes and the MAC Charter, unlike the preliminary 2 elements, merely, the total skills expenditure on black employees as a percentage of the Leviable Amount target phased in from 1% in 2006 to the luxuriant 3% (as per the Codes) by 2014.These different targets make MAC Charter somewhat easier to comply with, in terms of absolute targets.Compliance of the Advertising Industry in Cape TownAccording to Duffet, van der Heever and Bell, the advertising industry in Cape Town describe an increase in black e mployees from 35.2% in 2004 to 40.2% in 2006. They further reported that black female employees increase from 21% in 2004 to 23.9% in 2006. With regard to management positions, there was a reported increase in black female managers, from 13.8% in 2004 to 17.7% in 2006.One of the challenges noted from the study, was that there was a shortage of skilled black Previously Disadvantaged People (PDI) leading up to 2008, particularly in the advertising industry. Further, the 2007 B-BBEE baseline study referred to in the study also reported a high turnover of black staff, further verifying the confide for black employees in the advertising industry to job-hop. This becomes costly, as companies try to offer comparative salaries to retain talent, not only in their company, but in Cape Town, since salaries are known to be higher in Johannesburg than in the Cape. Training programmes would need to be used to improve job gladness with the view that they may result in improved staff holding ra tes. It was reported that the advertising industry has come up with some progressive training and mentorship programs in order to address both skills and staff (Employment Equity/Management Control) requirements.A further challenge in relation to B-BBEE spoke to attitudes that companies had toward compliance. In one instance, it was noted that some larger companies were more focused on compliance with BEE regulations, than acting in the true spirit of BEE, and that in some instances dishonesty and deceptive practices were used to achieve better scores, as this can result in increased business.Despite concerns by white males who took part in the study, that they were effectively working themselves out of jobs by cover B-BBEE, many viewed B-BBEE as an opportunity to engage with their target market. Rather than acid out diversity, encouraging it could create further business opportunities, especially in terms of growing the target market (through job creation, but also through und erstanding the new emerging target market of appoint black South Africans, and being able to create purchasing desires that would nonplus the economy during a difficult global financial period). The risk go about by the advertising industry was losing their white employees if these employees felt prejudiced by the opportunities being afforded to black South Africans only. The only possible way for this to survey would be through growth of the industry, in order to generate more revenues to pay all employees equitable and comparable salaries, regardless of race.These challenges can severely impact the compliance of companies for the Management Control, Employment Equity and Skills Development elements when B-BBEE is seen as a cost, the true potential envisioned in the objectives of B-BBEE is easily lost.It was however reported that over 80% of advertising agencies had utilised the services of B-BBEE verification agencies, despite the industry being in its infancy, and that a maj ority of these agencies had confirming attitudes towards B-BBEE. This resulted in the advertising industry being ahead of the national B-BBEE status, in terms of their level of compliance achieved. However, compliance within the MAC Charter targets, which as previously discussed is not binding, and has lower, phased-in targets than the Codes, may have led to these higher status levels.ConclusionDue to the uncertainties existing in the B-BBEE verification and compliance sphere at the time of the study, it is difficult to assess whether or not meaningful transformation had taken place. Despite this, there are indications of compliance by the advertising industry in Cape Town. While the industry was mostly self-regulated, around 80% of agencies confirmed they had engaged with Verification Agencies to confirm their B-BBEE credentials. Standardising and formalising the verification process may result in greater compliance, on with the imposition of penalties for misrepresenting informa tion in order to achieve a thriving score.As stated by the authors of the study, The ratio of success to failure in BEE is determined on a daily basis (Duffett, van der Heever Bell, 2009 109). unconstipated monitoring is required to continuously assess compliance with the Codes, and to evaluate transformation achievements as a result of B-BBEE. Even with the wrong intentions, B-BBEE can promote changes and improvements in the lives of previously disadvantaged individuals. However, true success for B-BBEE would be to flirt about meaningful improvements in the lives of all South Africans, rather than a select few.BibliographyR.G. Duffett, I.C. Van der Heever D. Bell. 2009. Black economic empowerment progress in the advertising industry in Cape Town Challenges and benefits, Southern African Business Review, 13(3) 86-118.South Africa, Department of profession and Industry. 2003. Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Act, No. 53 of 2003, No. 25899, Government publish Volume 463. capital of South Africa Government Printers.South Africa, Department of Trade and Industry. 2007.Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Codes of Good Practice,No.29617, Government Gazette Volume500,Section 9(1) of the Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Codes of Good Practice Act 53 of 2003.Pretoria Government Printers.South Africa, Department of Trade and Industry. 2008. Marketing, Advertising and Communication Sector Transformation Charter, No. 31371, Government Gazette Volume 518, Section 12 of the Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Act, No. 53 of 2003. Pretoria Government Printers.Okharedia, A.A.. 2014. B-BBEE Legislative and Strategic Framework PowerPoint Presentation 10 March. UNISA Graduate School of Business Leadership. Midrand, Gauteng.South Africa, Department of Labour. 2013. Commission for Employment Equity Annual Report 2012-2013, Pretoria Government Printers. Available at http//www.labour.gov.za/DOL/documents/annual-reports/Commission%20for%20Employment%20Equity% 20Report/2012-2013/annual-report-comission-for-employment-equity-report-2012-2013 Accessed 25 March 2014

The Place of Humanities in University Studies :: essays research papers

The Place of Humanities in University Studies This is NOT an try out - it is a collection of notes which are the foundation of an 800 word comparison of dickens articles regarding the place of humanistic discipline in university studies, and the roles of mass communication.Part 1 (800 words - 30%)You will be given two short readings by the oddment of Week 3 of the Semester. Identify the approach or approaches used in each, and with reference to the features and examples of the identified approaches as presented in Subject materials, justify your answer.Andrew Riemers article, " hit or Fodder?" (The spend Australian, 16-17 November 1996) can be identified as having both Idealist and Leavisite approaches within the text. This is indicated in several passages of the text"My colleagues in the Department of English were irresponsible...They were trivialising the discipline...by allowing undergraduates to sidestep the so-called canonical writers...in favour of some(pr enominal) transient phenomenon or writer of small talent happened to be their modish obsession.""They were reprehensible ... in encouraging their students to impose simple sub-Marxist, sub-feminist templates on hard and mysterious works of literature ... Miltons Eve reduced to a uncorrupted victim of the patriarchy.""Alluring though it might be, we cannot recover intellectual haleness by turning back the clock.""Cannon or Fodder?" (The Weekend Australian, 16-17 November 1996)When looking at the approaches as they are presented in the Subject Materials, adept is able to identify them as clearly being both heroic and Leavisite. Our Subject Book indicates that the Idealistic view of culture has been "conceived in the humanities and in journalism and popular social commentary ... a part of moral, spiritual and aesthetic value which exist largely independent and higher up smart set". Further, this view states Culture was isolated from society - autonomous because it had to be abstracted from one way of life (pre-industrial) and then transmitted and wide to another (allegedly inferior) way of life to save that society.The Leavisite concept of culture is still common and is firmly bound up in the theory of mass society and mass culture.Mass communications are seen to hold a crucial and permit place in mass society, taking over the role of creating and distributing the values and information common to a society.Mass culture, unlike high culture, is unable to come about its time and place and offer any kind of lasting equity to its audiences and, at worst, positively damages them.

East of Eden Essay: Criticism of East of Eden -- East Eden Essays

lit crit of East of Eden Possibly the opera hat piece of criticism I discovered was an essay by Joseph Wood Krutch. Krutch begins by making a statement praising the enormous amount of energy that is required for a book with the scope of East of Eden. Very briefly, Krutch summarizes the saucy and draws an analogy among it and The Magic Mountain by Thomas Mann. Krutch points out that in this novel, Steinbeck has avoided fall into the trap of writing a melodramatic as he has in some other pieces. Krutch says of Steinbeck Never, I think, not even in The Grapes of Wrath, has he exhibited such a grip upon himself and his material. (Krutch 370) Krutch points out that, especially in the first off third of the book, the character parallels to symbolic figures are rather distracting, but blend less so as the book progresses. Steinbeck is often associated with writers who hold settled philosophies and are moral relativists, but Krutch asserts it is difficult to imagine how any novel co uld more explicitly reject these values. (Krutch 370) Krutch assigns East of Eden the position of find Steinbecks position as a moralist and ends his review by stating thither is no question whether Mr. Steinbeck has written an intensely interesting and impressive book. (Krutch 371) Harvey Curtis Webster was the generator of another review I found helpful. He begins with the very plain-spoken statement that it will take almost equal quantities of pride and indulgence to deny that it is one of the best novels of the past ten years and the best book John Steinbeck has written since the Grapes of Wrath. (Webster 369) To conclude his strong opening carve up Webster states It is to be doubted it any American novel has better chronicled ou... ...ress. 1957. pp. 302-305. Rpt. In Twentieth-Century literary Criticism. Ed. David Marowski. Vol 45 Detroit Gale, 1987. pp. 370- 371 Neary, Walter. About John Steinbeck. 27 Nov. 2001 <http//www.steinbeck.org/About.html>. Steinbeck, John. Grapes of Wrath. 1939. New York Penguin, 1973. Steinbeck, John IV Nancy Steinbeck, and Andrew Harvey. Other Side of Eden. Prometheus Books. Feb. 2001. Various contributors. Amazon.com Buying Information. Amazon.com <http//www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/stores/detail/-/books/0140186395/ customer-reviews/qid=1007248185/sr=2-1/ reader=sr_2_75_1/102-8744870-2692125>. 28 Nov. 2001 Webster, Harvey Curtis. Out of the New Born Sun. Saturday Review, New York. Vol. XXXV. No. 38. 20 Sept 1952. pp. 11-12. Rpt. In Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Ed. David Marowski. Vol 45 Detroit Gale, 1987. pp. 369-370

thematic essay on identity -- essays research papers fc

Thematic Essay on IdentityThere atomic number 18 galore(postnominal) aspects of identity in the poem Sex without Love, by Sharon Olds. I asshole relate my own thoughts to how the occasion views the subject that she talks more or less in this poem. There has been a situation in my own emotional state where I was thinking to myself, just as the source was, How do they do it, the ones who attract bewilder intercourse without love? (Olds 740). Having been raised as a comprehensive and train person, as well as religious, I know the alarm of having antenuptial sex. Its not just the immorality that these characters argon experiencing that the author is lecture about, tho they probably have personal issues that have to do with a their self worth and identity. These characters think they know what love is, but the lawfulness is that they are in denial of what they are really doing. unconstipated though religion is an issue to the characters, their identity pushes that concep t to the side so that they female genital organ do what they desire most. I believe that the author is seek to try the point that these bulk are not obeying the word of idol and leading(a) themselves into their own temptations. Olds compares the truly religious to the lovers by introducing them as people who have sex without being in love by saying, These are the veritable religious, the purist, the pros, the ones who will not accept a false Messiah, love the priest instead of the God (Olds 740). Part of this poem is ironic because the author starts by questioning... thematic essay on identity -- essays research paper fc Thematic Essay on IdentityThere are many aspects of identity in the poem Sex without Love, by Sharon Olds. I can relate my own thoughts to how the author views the subject that she talks about in this poem. There has been a situation in my own life where I was thinking to myself, just as the author was, How do they do it, the ones who make love without love? (Olds 740). Having been raised as a well-rounded and disciplined person, as well as religious, I know the discouragement of having premarital sex. Its not just the immorality that these characters are experiencing that the author is talking about, but they probably have personal issues that have to do with a their self worth and identity. These characters think they know what love is, but the truth is that they are in denial of what they are really doing. Even though religion is an issue to the characters, their identity pushes that concept to the side so that they can do what they desire most. I believe that the author is trying to stress the point that these people are not obeying the word of God and leading themselves into their own temptations. Olds compares the truly religious to the lovers by introducing them as people who have sex without being in love by saying, These are the true religious, the purist, the pros, the ones who will not accept a false Messia h, love the priest instead of the God (Olds 740). Part of this poem is ironic because the author starts by questioning...

Mononucleosis Essay -- Medical Disease Health Herpes Biology Essays

infectious mononucleosisnucleosis Mononucleosis is a disease subjectd by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which is a member of the herpes family. The herpes family also includes viruses that cause cold sores, chicken pox, genital herpes, and birth defects (7). Mono, short for mononucleosis (3) gets its induce from the fact that it causes a persons white blood cells to become distorted, so that they use up only one nucleus (becoming mononucleate) instead of the usual divided nucleus. (3)The first gear accounts of mono are credited to Filatov and Pfeiffer who around the end of the nineteenth coke described and illness known as Drusenfieber or glandular febricity which occurred in family outbreaks. However, the establishment of mono is given to Sprunt and Evans. In 1921 they pointed out the mononuclear lymphocytosis that was present in each patient they treated. Two years later, Downey and McKinaly provided more details of the lymphocytes as a marker that led to the disease. (6)T he idea of EBV cosmos connected to mono came about in 1958 by Burkitt. There were approximately cases in Africa of young children having tumors in their jaw and dying even when the tumor was removed. He later found out that the patients were coming from areas highly infested with mosquitoes, so they figured that the mosquitoes were related. The mosquitoes were carrying a virus in the herpes family, which was later called Epstein-Barr virus. This virus was later revealed to be linked with mono. (6)Anyone can get mono barely it is most common in teens and young adults, mostly high school and college students. Children who are infected with EBV when they are really young are competent to manufacture antibodies against the virus. If a persons body does not have EBV already they leave behind most likely contract the virus later in their liveliness and be able to build these antibodies. Only a small sum of money of teens and young adults actually get mono because they have alread y been loose to EBV at a younger age. (7)Mono usually occurs in females amongst the ages of 15 to 16 years, and males between the ages of 18 to 23 years (4). battalion call it the kissing disease due to the fact that it is spread through goal contact and saliva (2). Drinking later someone, or eating after him or her can also contract mono (2). In the unify States more than 100,000 cases of mono are diagnosed each year (7). At colleges three hundred to 1500 out of 100,00... ... ways to treat it without leading to death.Works Cited1. Beers, MD jell H., and Robert Berkow, MD, ed. The Merck Manual Of Diagnosis and Therapy, 17th ed. Whitehouse Station, New Jersey Merck Research Laboratories, 1999.2. Cassidy, Jo. Whats in a Name? Mononucleosis. Current Health 17 9 (1990) 14-15.3. Dinamoor, Robert S. When Mono Attacks Take It Lying Down. Current Health 20 9 (1993) 30-31.4. Dreher, Nancy. What You subscribe To Know about Mono. Current Health 23 3 (1997) 28-29.5. Kaye, Kenneth M., and Elliot Kieff. Epstein-Barr computer virus Infection and Infectious Mononucleosis. Infectious Diseases, 2nd ed. Ed. toilet G. Barlett, MD, Neil R. Blacklow, MD, and Sherwood L. Gorback, MD. Philadelphia W.B. Saunders Company, 1998. 1646-1650.6. Schooley, Robert T. Epstein-Barr Virus (Infectious Mononucleosis). Ed. John E. Bennett, MD, Raphael Dolin, MD, and Gerald L. Mandell, MD. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 4th ed. New York Churchill Livingstone, 1995. 1364-1373.7. Silverstein, Alvin, Virginia Silverstein, and Robert Silverstein. Mononucleosis. Hillside, New Jersey Enslow Publishers, Inc., 1994.

TO SPARE OR NOT TO SPARE: :: essays research papers

TO shipshape OR NOT TO SPARE THAT IS THE ETHICAL QUESTIONA twenty-something division old Caucasian male engineering student travels from Prescott, Arizona to Friendsville, Tennessee during his spend and winter breaks from school. The length of distance covered in one take off is about 1800 miles. He drives a 1968 Ford Mustang. This car is in conduct of restoration, but is all-original. Because he is alone, this student can non ruin at anywhere that is not public. Even a Rest Stop is too risky for a lone traveler. This student driver does not even drive at night. The dilemma begins at the half- musical mode point of the trip, the middle of the Texas pan-handle on Interstate 40 East. This area has few gas stops and almost no agrestic or suburban areas. The student passes a car on the ramp of the road. This car is driving on a at once tire. Unfortunately the precisely safe option for this student is to continue down the road and implore for the person in distress. The student -driver stops for gas at the only stop for another 50 miles. Like most gas stops in this area, it stands alone on this exit. The student-driver pumps gas into his car and goes inside to pay for the fuel. As the driver is about to ply, he is stopped by a 60 to 70 year old Caucasian male. This man has a flat tire. He recognizes the car that passed him earlier and asks for help. This man recognizes that the Mustangs spare exit fit his car, and he proceeds to ask the student if he would be willing to part with his spare. The moral dilemma begins. If the student gives the man the spare, his immorality for passing the man will be extinguished and it will be replaced with the satisfaction of helping another human being from being stranded. However, this would leave the student without a spare tire for the last 900 miles of his trip. The three honorable systems being used to respond to this moral dilemma are Kantism, Utilitarianism, and Epicurism. In this dilemma, there are two choices, and each system has its own way to respond. Kant would begin by criticizing the analysis of the consequences, because consequential moral philosophy lacks universality, leads to rules that profane our ordinary moral sensibility, and reverses the proper relationship between ethics and happiness.(Symposia. 2005.

Manic Hamlet in Shakespeares Hamlet :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

wild Hamlet Manic affected by fiery madness . When one is affected by hallucination it becomes the dictator of his or her actions . This holds true in William Shakespeares Hamlet . In the play, Hamlet is depressed to the doom of mania. His entire existence is engulfed in his melancholia. Hamlets words, thoughts, interactions and most tangibly his actions make his heavy-heartedness an needful reality. The degree of Hamlet s mental picture is set by his ennui and his grief itself is revealed through his tenacity. Throughout the play Hamlets actions are plagued by his overbearing depression. This depression in combination with Hamlets mania is what makes his a bipolar disorder sufferer. Psychologically, mania is described as a mood disorder characterized by expansive states ,extreme physical activity ,excessive talkativeness, distractedness, and sometimes grandiosity. During manic periods a person becomes " noble" extremely active , excessively talkative, and e asily distracted. During these periods the affected persons self look upon is also often greatly amplify. These people often become war-ridden and hostile to others as their self confidence becomes more and more inflated and exaggerated. In extreme cases (like Hamlets) the manic person may become systematically wild or violent until he or she reaches the point of exhaustion. Manic depressives often function on little or no rest period during their episodes. At the opening of the play Hamlet is portrayed as a stable individual . He expresses disappointment in his mother for her appear disregard for his fathers death. His feelings are justified and his actions are rational at this point, he describes himself as macrocosm genuine. As this scene progresses it is revealed that Hamlet views himself as being weak "My fathers brother, but no more like my father/ than I to Hercules" (1.2.153) The doubts that Hamlet has concerning his heroism become particularly evident in hi s actions as the story progresses. These doubts are a major hindrance to his thoughts of revenge. Hamlet wishes to visit the murder of his father and rectify this great injustice. The conflict between his want to seek revenge and his own thoughts of incompetence is the cause of his initial unrest. " hurriedness me to knowt , that I , with wings as swift / As meditation or thoughts of love , / may sweep to my revenge (1.5.29-31). Here Hamlet pleads to the ghost of King Hamlet to reveal the name of his murderer.

Comparing the two poems Porphyria’s Lover and My Last Duchess Essay

By comparing the two poems Porphyrias caramel and My Last Duchess,explore how toasting deals worth the ascendant of jealousy.Jealousy is a theme that occurs quite regularly in Brownings poems.This was limitedly noticed in both of the poems Porphyrias Loverand My Last Duchess where in both cases, the masculine protagonists werejealous of the extra circumspection that their lovers received from otheradmirers. When studying both poems, the reviewer can cook in theirmind a vivid picture of both the pistillate characters. However, becausethe male protagonists gave their view on their lovers, the reader isonly given expatiate about the male protagonists feelings, not abouthis features or qualities. Because of this, it needs to be taken intoaccount that the reader is assessing the situation from only oneparticular point of view.In both of the poems Porphyrias Lover and My Last Duchess thereader is told that the male protagonist has murdered their lover as a closure of jealousy. How ever, the murders are entirely different.In Porphyrias Lover the relationship between Porphyria and herlover is very positive and the reader can sense a strong coalition betweenthe two characters. Lines 29-34 show how strong the flummox is betweenPorphyria and her lover. For love of her and all in vain So, she wascome by dint of wind and rain. Be sure I lookd up at her eyes Happy andproud at last I knew Porphyria worshippd me surprise Made my heartswell, and still it grew. Because of this strong bond between the twocharacters, there is evidence in the poem that Porphyrias lover couldnot handle the thought of them not being together, and for this mindthe lover murders Porphyria in a moment of passion. The reader c... ...actions. For thisreason it would be correct for the reader to assume, that both of thefemale characters are partly to consign for the male protagonistsactions. This is because the female characters were not focusing ontheir actual partners feelings, and were ri ghteous pleasing themselves,regardless of how the situation was affecting their partner, or lovedone.I think that Browning has dealt with the theme of jealousy in great profundity and has shown the male protagonists feelings very thoroughly,making it possible for the readers to even sympathise with the maleprotagonists. Because of the way in which the theme of jealousy isportrayed, the reader can nurture a great understanding of the emotionsthe male protagonists are feeling throughout the poems. This makes thepoem and the consequences of the female characters actions, a loteasier to understand.

Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun :: essays research papers

Ronils Review of A Raisin in the sunshine.This is probably the rootage play Ive ever seen that I REALLY HEATED.A Raisin in the Sun The Madison Repertory Theatre has produced many plays by African American playwrights lately, such as last years From the Mississippi Delta, still their most recent, Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun is certainly one of the veryWorst.The play starts in a darkened living room. Ruth Younger wakes her family on a Friday morning. Her father-in-law has recently died, and the family is awaiting the arrival of the insurance capital. Her husband, Walter, has plans to use it to buy a liquor store, but wife doesnt believe he belongs in business. Beneatha, Walters sister daughter, hopes to use the money for her tuition for medical school. Walters mother, Lena (Mama), plans to use the money for a mob for the family. On top of all this, Ruth has discovered that she is pregnant. In an effort to denudation a true identity, Beneatha has shunned her mothers re ligious beliefs and has taken an inte equipoise in Asagai, a Nigerian bookman. Asagai brings her a tribal drum recording and a surgical gown from his country. Beneatha is also being pursued by another suitor. George Murchison, a student belonging to the upper class also has an interest in her, and regards her embracement of African culture as childish.After the money arrives, Mama leaves to "take cope of some business." When she returns, she announces just what it was that she did do she has bought the family a house...in Clybourne Park, an all-white neighborhood. Mama then entrusts the rest of the money to Walter, to invest in his sisters education, and to put the rest into a nest egg account under his name. Walter promises his son Travis a great future, and promptly invests it in his liquor store.While packing, the family is visited by Karl Linder from the Clyborne Park Community Improvement Association, and a white man. Linder explains that the Younger family skill no t be welcomed in Clybourne Park, and might be better off living in a dumb neighborhood. "It has nothing to do with racial prejudice," he explains. To make matters worse, Bobo, Walters friend comes to enounce that the third member of their team, who had been entrusted with all the money is gone. Period.In desperation, Walter calls Linder to buy the house back, but after a talk with

Romeo and Juliet - A Great Love Story? :: Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet

Romeo and Juliet has been known as the best love story to hit the face of the earth. It is the most known and most talked just ab push through Shakespeare play and has become the ultimate classic love story. But is it raze both that great? No, I do not think Romeo and Juliet is all that great of a love story. I think that the public who were opened to the play at the time, which was around the 1600s, had not seen too many other tragic love stories, so they of course loved it. Everybody loves new and certain things. So I think that Romeo and Juliet was just a big craze of that time. Everybody went all bazerk ab come forth the play and it just carried on. Pretty soon, all the luxuriant children and great grandchildren (of the people who first saw the play) were told about how great of a love story Romeo and Juliet was. And it was all selecty instilled in the publics mind that this was a great play even before they saw or read it. And the same has happened in our t ime. When somebody talks about Romeo and Juliet, everybody immediately thinks that it is the sterling(prenominal) book and that it is the best love story. But I do not think so. Over the past years, many love stories (movies) have came out that I think are better love stories than Romeo and Juliet. If these stories would have came out 400 years ago, then they would probably be just as well known and publicized as Romeo and juliet is today. Also, I do not like the play because it does not correspond well with current multiplication and current ways of love and culture. That may be the reason so many people like it, because it is a classic, but it is one of the reasons why I do not. on that point are also some move of the play that I do not like, Such as the root word of giveing to be dead, and being put in a coffin. There is no possible way a person can pretend to be dead. You still have to breathe, and the people that are crying all over you would have to have noti ced you breathing.

Indonesian Demographic Transition Essay -- Population Control

penetrationThe effects of race fudge plans on demographic modify were not instant, and it takes long serious effort to encour sequence the improvement of economic organic evolution in a country. According to Paul J. Gertler (1994, p. 33), Population control is a key element in a countrys baron to maintain and improve its economic and social well-being. Furthermore, this musical composition intends to justify why the change of population anatomical structure has an effect on the inns economic condition in Indonesia with examining the demographic variables.This short make-up is aimed to support the hypothesis that the demographic variables are important influential factors on the economic development and significantly affect on the social eudaimonia in Indonesia. Therefore, the paper proceed with examining the demographic transition from 1970 to 2000 in the change of population structure, and also considering the population control program which enhances the economic deve lopment. In order to understand the relationship mingled with population control program and the improvement of the social welfare, this paper will focus on how its relationship with the geezerhood structure, population density and the life expectancy.BackgroundThe population control program in Indonesia has come a long way since it was establish by the Indonesian regimen in the late 1960s. The Indonesian family intend (FP) program which is held by the National Family Planning Coordinating Board (BKKBN) has apply the concept of how to form happy and prosperous families as a federal agency to improve family welfare. However, the concept was not separated from the main purpose of the population control program, which basically focuses on the contraceptives use in order to restrict the fe... ...e can understand the reason why the change of population structure has an effect on the societys economic condition. The changes in age structure in Indonesia shows the significant incr ease in the productive age which leads to the increase of the labor force, and also shows the increase in women participation in labor force. The life expectancy can be used for evaluating the government performance (family planning program) in improving family resilience and institutionalizing quality of dispirited family. Lastly, the population density is an important factor to evaluate the societys quality of live.Finally, this paper has shown that the societys welfare has generally placed on the role of demographic variables in economic growth and there is a significant relationship between population control program and the improvement of the societys welfare in Indonesia.

University Exclusivity Essay -- Education Argumentative Persuasive Ess

University ExclusivityThis country that we live in, the linked States of America, has a reputation as being the land of fortune. Foreigners and native-born citizens watch this land as the pot of gold at the rainbows end for those individuals who wish well to make a life for themselves through hard work and perseverance. all the same for many minorities and economically disadvantaged people, the dream is unfulfilled because the educational opportunities that they engage are unavailable. The universities are as unreachable as top- shelf production in a warehouse without ladders or lifts. They are no little unwelcoming than heavy steel doors slamming shut in the face of a visitor. The selections from The forepart of Others Voices that Call for Response collectively give the reader a childs play of which individuals are being excluded, and why. The role and responsibility of the university must be established, and areas in need of change should be explored. Historically, racism has prevented many from ever having the opportunity to move a tassel across their forehead. To rectify this situation, nonage found schools were established. plausive action policies made their way into colleges all over the country and rapidly became policy in many states. However, Shelby Steele pointed out that these policies may actually interrupt more than they help. He believed that policies giving preference to any atomic number 53 based on lean alone actually increase the racial tension between minority and non-minority groups (75). He also wrote that such policies are only part of the problem. The worry of racial hatred may prevent prospective students from even attempting to fall college. He cites instances of blatant racial harassment even on campuses in which b... ...ryone must be assigned an equal designation of worth. No one person is more deserving of an education than another. To deny the opportunity to anyone based on such criteria as class, race, gender or ability is to crownwork the scales and make some people less deserving than others. Universities cannot have endorse to do this. To all who would listen, let them learn. Works CitedLunsford, Andrea A. and Ruszkiewicz, John. The Presence ofOthers Voices that Call for Response. new(a) York St.Martins Press, 1997.Brooks, Gwendolyn. We Real Cool. Lunsford 147.Hooks, Bell. Keeping Close to Home Class and Education.Lunsford 85-96.Rich, Adrienne. What Does a fair sex Need to Know? Lunsford 44-51.Rose, Mike. Lives on the Boundary. Lunsford 97-111.Steele, Shelby. The Recoloring of Campus Life. Lunsford 63-84.