Evidence Basis for Psychological Disorder Classification

Evidence Basis for Psychological overturn ClassificationIntroductionA trained mental health professional will use interviews, psychometric tests, background information to be able to make a diagnosis of a psychological de department. ( weekly 3, Weekly notes). A diagnosis is formed by comparing the data that has been gathered to that of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disease (APA, 2013) or the International Classification of Diseases (WHO, 1992). These manuals ar two apply in the miscellanea of psychological disorders and requires the clinician to make judgments on from each one of the 5 axes. The DSM classification system lists 16 categories of disturbance and much than 200 subcategories. deviate behaviour classification is made on the basis of Axis I (clinical Syndromes) and Axis II ( temper ails). The other three axes are apply as supplementary information Axis III (General Medical Conditions), Axis IV (Psychosocial and Environmental Problems), an d Axis V (Global Assessment of Functioning)are used to house supplementary information. (APA, 2013)ComorbidityClarke et al (1995) describe comorbidity as the cooccurrence of two more disorders in the same individual. Comorbidity occurs when an individual meets diagnostic criteria for more than wizard disorder or has symptoms from multiple disorders even if they occur at a subclinical level (Kazdin 2005). Clinicians need to consider these paradoxs as part of a entire intricate of phenomena that are closely linked to one another and not deal with each disorder take apartly.( DOHA, 2008)Strong Evidence Base nature overturnsKey sustains of reputation Disorders are distorted thinking patterns, problematic ablaze responses, unregulated impulse control and interpersonal difficulties. These can blend in various ways to form ten specific reputation disorders pin down in DSM-5 (APA, 2013) and are grouped in 3 clusters which are clustering A- social awkwardness and social withd rawal that are dominated by distorted thinkingParanoid disposition DisorderSchizoid Personality DisorderSchizotypal Personality Disorder thud B- problems with impulse control and senseal regulationBorderline Personality DisorderNarcissistic Personality DisorderHistrionic Personality DisorderAntisocial Personality DisorderCluster C- high level of frettingAvoidant Personality DisorderDependent Personality DisorderObsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorders.In order to be diagnosed with a specific genius disorder an individual must meet the lower limit criteria with symptoms that cause regret and functional impairment.Research hints that personality disorders frequently co-occur with each other and with other disorders such asBipolar DisorderADHDSocial PhobiaSchizophreniaSubstance Use Disorders ingest DisordersAbout half of all people who meet the criteria for one personality disorder will also meet the criteria for at least one other (Fowler, ODonohue Lilienfeld, 2007). Studies on the prevalence of personality disorders performed in diametrical countries and amongst different cosmoss suggest that roughly 10% of adults can be diagnosed with a personality disorder (Torgersen, 2005). in that respect is sufficient interrogation and empirical evidence to book the symptoms, diagnostic instruments and treatment for personality disorder.Weak Evidence Base dread DisordersKey features of concern Disorders are mental apprehension, physical tension, physical symptoms and dissociative anxiety, restlessness or nervousness, easy fatigability, poor concentration, irritability, muscle tension, or catch some Zs disturbance. (Healy, 2008). In anxiety disorders, culture plays a significant role with a wide range of what is acceptable and normative. DSM-5 (APA, 2013) classify anxiety disorders into the following categories disquietude disorderSocial care DisorderAgoraphobiaSpecific Anxiety Disorder. legal separation Anxiety DisorderSelective MutismAgoraphobiaGeneraliz ed Anxiety DisorderPost-Traumatic Stress SyndromeIn order to be diagnosed with a specific anxiety disorder an individual must meet the minimum criteria with symptoms that cause distress and significant problems in their functioning.Anxiety is a normal human emotion entirely can also be a symptomatic feature of many different psychiatric disorders such asAvoidant Personality DisorderMood Disorder/ DepressionSchizophrenia Spectrum DisordersSubstance Use DisordersAnxiety disorders are fairly common with approximately 18% of the American population experiencing an anxiety in a year (NIMH, 2008). Each disorder is relevant to both children and adults with an average onset of 21.5 years of age. The presence of some anxiety symptoms does not automatically indicate an anxiety disorder. (Jacofsky et al,DSM-5 (APA, 2013) acknowledges that the overlap of anxiety disorders whitethorn re collapse alternative conceptualizations of the same or similar conditions and more research is needed to ide ntify differences. It may also be difficult to separate anxiety from depression when both disorders co-occur resulting in poorer response to treatment. There is inconsistent evidence on comorbidity of schizophrenic disorder and anxiety. Some studies suggest that having both disorders has no significant effect. Other research points to poorer outcomes when both disorders are present (Pokos Castle, 2006).Reasons for Difference in Evidence BaseClark et al (1995) discusses that some disorders are currently placed in the wrong diagnostic class e.g. should be listed as a dissociative disorder rather than an anxiety disorder. They suggest that this presents a taxonomic problem for which no solution has been found. Another problem isheterogeneity. Most research is focussed on a limited range of disorders with researchers not being aware of similar issues in the discipline as a whole.( Week 4, Weekly Notes) Individuals could be relatively dissimilar to each other and have very little in com mon but may get classified into the same diagnostic group. Psychometric tests used may not be relevant across different heathenish or age groups.ConclusionTo be able to determine the allow for treatment process, Clinicians must be able to determine the psychologically upright diagnosis based on the evidence available and the diagnostic criteria set out in the DSM-5 or ICD-10. Interrelated groups of diagnoses make this a complex and demanding task.ReferencesAmerican psychiatrical Association. (APA) (2013)Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of genial Disorders(5th edn) (DSM-5)Clark, L. A., Watson, D., Reynolds, S. (1995). Diagnosis and classification of psychopathology Challenges to the current system and future directions.Annual Review of Psychology,46, 121153.Department of health and Ageing (DOHA) (2008) Comorbidity of mental disorders and substance use A brief take out for the primary care clinician. Retrieved September 3rd 2014 from Drug and Alcohol run South Australia websi te www.nationaldrugstrategy.gov.au/internet/drugstrategy//mono71.pdfFowler, K.A., ODonohue, W., Lilienfeld, S.O. (2007). Introduction Personality Disorders In Perspective. In ODonohue, W.T., Fowler, K.A., Lilienfeld, S.O. (Eds.). Personality Disorders Toward the DSM V. Thousand Oaks Sage Publications.Healy, D. (2008) Drugs Explained, Section 5 Management of Anxiety, Elsevier Health Sciences, 2008, pp. 136137Jacofsky, M.D., Santos, M.T., Khemlani-Patel, S., Neziroglu, F. (2014) Anxiety and Other Psychiatric Disorders. Retrieved September 2nd 2014 from Seven Counties Services website http//www.sevencounties.org/poc/view_doc.php? example=docid=38463cn=1Kazdin AE. 2005. Evidence-based assessment for children and adolescents issues in measurement development and clinical applications.Journal of. Clinical Child Adolescent Psychology. 3454858Laureate Online Education (2011) Week 3, Weekly notes Assessments in mental health continued https//elearning.uol.ohecampus.com/bbcswebdav/institutio n/UKL1/ correspond/201480_AUGUST/APPTRE/readings/APPTRE_Week03_weeklyNotes.htmlLaureate Online Education (2011) Week 4, Weekly notes Diagnoses and case formulation. https//elearning.uol.ohecampus.com/bbcswebdav/institution/UKL1/ make up/201480_AUGUST/APPTRE/readings/APPTRE_Week04_weeklyNotes.htmlNational Institute of Mental Health (2008). Statistics. The numbers count Mental disorders in America. Retrieved September 3rd 2014 from NIMH website http//www.nimh.nih.gov/statistics/index.shtmlPokos, V., Castle, D. J. (2006). 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